New Methodological Perspectives on Observation and Experimentation in Science
New Methodological Perspectives on Observation and Experimentation in Science

Author: Wenceslao J. González

Publisher: Netbiblo

Published: 2010-12-29

Total Pages: 218

ISBN-13: 8497455304

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Observation and experimentation are central topics of philosophy and methodology of science. The empirical sciences have commonly been associated to observational and experimental processes, because they have been considered crucial for testing the contents of these. Thus, observation and experimentation have received attention from different angles, and they have been historically relevant in the advancement of science. Their philosophical-methodological analysis includes some key aspects those related to axiological, epistemological and methodological issues. New Methodological Perspectives on Observation and Experimentation in Science deals with a classic topic that is seen from new angles. Its nine chapters seek “non-traditional” aspects, trying to extend the boundaries of this philosophical-methodological theme. They are presented in five sections: 1) A Philosophical-Methodological Context; 2) Experience and Scientific Observations; 3) Empirical Support and Experiments in Science; 4) Changes in the Framework on Observation and Experimentation; and 5) Enlarging the Philosophical Scope: Law and Ecology. Wenceslao J. Gonzalez is Professor of Logic and Philosophy of Science (University of A Coruña). He is a Full Member of the International Academy for Philosophy of Sciences (AIPS), Visiting fellow at the Center for Philosophy of Science (University of Pittsburgh) and a Team Leader of the European Science Foundation program entitled “The Philosophy of Science in a European Perspective.” He has been named a Distinguished Researcher by the Main National University of San Marcos in Lima (Peru). He has been a visiting researcher at the Universities of St. Andrews, Münster and London (LSE). He has given lectures at the Universities of Pittsburgh, Stanford, Quebec and Helsinki. The conferences in which he has participated include those organized by the Universities of Uppsala, New South Wales, Bologna, Canterbury (NZ), and Beijing. He has edited 26 volumes on philosophy and methodology of science.

Philosophy of Psychology: Causality and Psychological Subject
Philosophy of Psychology: Causality and Psychological Subject

Author: Wenceslao J. Gonzalez

Publisher: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG

Published: 2018-06-11

Total Pages: 294

ISBN-13: 3110576058

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Contemporary philosophy of science analyzes psychology as a science with special features, because this discipline includes some specific philosophical problems – descriptive and normative, structural and dynamic. Some of these are particularly relevant both theoretically (casual explanation) and practically (the configuration of the psychological subject and its relations with psychiatry). Two central aspects in this book are the role of causality, especially conceived as intervention or manipulation, and the characterization of the psychological subject. This requires a clarification of scientific explanations in terms of causality in psychology, because characterizations of causality are quite different in epistemological and ontological terms. One of the most influential views is James Woodward’s approach to causality as intervention, which entails an analysis of its characteristics, new elements and limits. This means taking into account the structural and dynamic aspects included in causal cognition and psychological explanations. Psychology seen as special science also requires us to consider the scientific status of psychology and the psychological subject, which leads to limits of naturalism in psychology.

Methodological Prospects for Scientific Research
Methodological Prospects for Scientific Research

Author: Wenceslao J. Gonzalez

Publisher: Springer Nature

Published: 2020-10-30

Total Pages: 244

ISBN-13: 3030525007

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This book highlights the existence of a diversity of methods in science, in general, in groups of sciences (natural, social or the artificial), and in individual sciences. This methodological variety is open to a number of consequences, such as the differences in the research according to levels of reality (micro, meso and macro), which leads to multi-scale modelling and to questioning “fundamental” parts in the sciences, understood as the necessary support for the whole discipline. In addition, this volume acknowledges the need to assess the efficacy of procedures and methods of scientific activity in engendering high quality results in research made; the relevance of contextual factors for methodology of science; the existence of a plurality of stratagems when doing research in empirical sciences (natural, social and of the artificial); and the need for an ethical component while developing scientific methods, because values should have a role in scientific research. The book is of interest to a broad audience of philosophers, academics in various fields, graduate students and research centers interested in methodology of science.

Research Methodology : Theory And Practice
Research Methodology : Theory And Practice

Author: Mr. Nilesh Kumar Upadhyay

Publisher: Academic Guru Publishing House

Published: 2023-09-11

Total Pages: 217

ISBN-13: 8119338944

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RESEARCH IS HELPFUL NOT JUST FOR GENERATING NEW QUESTIONS, BUT ALSO FOR EXPANDING AND REFINING ALREADY CONCEIVED IDEAS. RESEARCHERS IN THE FIELD OF EDUCATION ENCOUNTER A FORMIDABLE OBSTACLE. CONCERNS HAVE BEEN VOICED ABOUT THE QUALITY OF EDUCATION IN INDIA AS WELL AS THE GOVERNMENT'S APPROACH TO IMPROVING IT. EXTENSIVE, IN-DEPTH RESEARCH THAT IS INFORMED BY SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES AND CENTRED ON EVIDENCE IS THE ONLY WAY TO RESOLVE THESE QUESTIONS. THE COMPLEXITY AND SCOPE OF THE ISSUES IN EDUCATION MAKE IT DIFFICULT AND TIME-CONSUMING TO CONDUCT THE REQUIRED RESEARCH. THIS BOOK ON EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH AND STATISTICS COVERS A WIDE RANGE OF ISSUES, INCLUDING SCOPE, REVIEW OF LITERATURE, PROBLEM FORMULATION, THE APPLICABILITY OF THE HYPOTHESES IN ANY KIND OF SAMPLING, STUDY, INSTRUMENTS OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH, AND NUMEROUS TECHNIQUES TO RESEARCH. RESEARCH IS THE MORE STRUCTURED AND METHODICAL PROCESS OF CONDUCTING SCIENTIFIC ANALYSIS TO FIND AND BUILD A SYSTEMATICALLY COMPILED BODY OF KNOWLEDGE. IT'S THE SYSTEMATIC STUDY OF ANYTHING IN THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD TO LEARN MORE ABOUT IT AND BETTER UNDERSTAND IT. THE CONTROLLED OBSERVATIONS MAY BE STUDIED AND RECORDED IN AN OBJECTIVE, IMPARTIAL, EMPIRICAL, AND LOGICAL MANNER, WHICH MIGHT LEAD TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF GENERALIZATIONS, PRINCIPLES, OR THEORIES, WHICH COULD THEN LEAD TO THE PREDICTION AND CONTROL OF EVENTS THAT COULD BE THE CONSEQUENCES OR CAUSES OF SPECIFIC OCCURRENCES.

Philosophico-Methodological Analysis of Prediction and its Role in Economics
Philosophico-Methodological Analysis of Prediction and its Role in Economics

Author: Wenceslao J. Gonzalez

Publisher: Springer

Published: 2015-02-19

Total Pages: 375

ISBN-13: 3319088858

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This book develops a philosophico-methodological analysis of prediction and its role in economics. Prediction plays a key role in economics in various ways. It can be seen as a basic science, as an applied science and in the application of this science. First, it is used by economic theory in order to test the available knowledge. In this regard, prediction has been presented as the scientific test for economics as a science. Second, prediction provides a content regarding the possible future that can be used for prescription in applied economics. Thus, it can be used as a guide for economic policy, i.e., as knowledge concerning the future to be employed for the resolution of specific problems. Third, prediction also has a role in the application of this science in the public arena. This is through the decision-making of the agents — individuals or organizations — in quite different settings, both in the realm of microeconomics and macroeconomics. Within this context, the research is organized in five parts, which discuss relevant aspects of the role of prediction in economics: I) The problem of prediction as a test for a science; II) The general orientation in methodology of science and the problem of prediction as a scientific test; III) The methodological framework of social sciences and economics: Incidence for prediction as a test; IV) Epistemology and methodology of economic prediction: Rationality and empirical approaches and V) Methodological aspects of economic prediction: From description to prescription. Thus, the book is of interest for philosophers and economists as well as policy-makers seeking to ascertain the roots of their performance. The style used lends itself to a wide audience.

Embedding New Technologies into Society
Embedding New Technologies into Society

Author: Diana M. Bowman

Publisher: CRC Press

Published: 2017-09-01

Total Pages: 366

ISBN-13: 1315340739

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The embedding of any new technologies in society is challenging. The evolving state of the scientific art, often-unquantifiable risks and ill-defined developmental trajectories have the potential to hinder innovation and/or the commercial success of a technology. The are, however, a number of tools that can now be utilized by stakeholders to bridge the chasm that exists between the science and innovation dimensions on the one hand, and the societal dimensions on the other. This edited volume will draw together leading researchers from the domains of law, philosophy, political science, public administration and the natural sciences in order to demonstrate how tools such as, for example, constructive technology assessment, regulatory governance and societal scenarios, may be employed by stakeholders to assist in successfully embedding new technologies into society. This volume will focus primarily on the embedding of two emergent and emerging technologies: nanotechnologies and synthetic biology. Government, industry and the epistemic community continue to struggle with how best to balance the promised benefits of an emerging technology with concerns about its potential impacts. There is a growing body of literature that has examined these challenges from various cultural, scientific and jurisdictional dimensions. There is, however, much work that still needs to be done; this includes articulating the successes and failures of attempts to the societal embedding of technologies and their associated products. This edited volume is significant and timely, as unlike other books currently on the market, it shall draw from real work experiences and experiments designed anticipate the societal embedding of emerging technologies. This empirical work shall be supported by robust theoretical underpinnings.

Modern Trends in Research Methodology
Modern Trends in Research Methodology

Author: Dr. Bincy Sam

Publisher: Academic Guru Publishing House

Published: 2024-07-23

Total Pages: 243

ISBN-13: 8197747776

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“Modern Trends in Research Methodology: Techniques and Applications” examines the transformational influence of recent research methodology advances on scientific inquiry. This book reviews modern methods, highlighting their advances and their implications for other research fields. The material is carefully selected to meet academics’ and practitioners’ changing requirements, providing theoretical and practical advice. From sophisticated quantitative methods to new qualitative ones, the book covers them all. Each chapter discusses technique development, application, and advantages. Real-world examples and case studies demonstrate how these strategies may be used to answer challenging research issues. This book excels in integrating new technology and computational techniques into research. Readers will understand how AI, machine learning, and other technologies are changing data analysis and interpretation. The book investigates these patterns and gives recommendations on using these tools to improve research. This book is useful for researchers, instructors, and students who want to keep current on methodological innovation. It connects theoretical knowledge to practical application, giving readers the skills and expertise to use current research methods. “Modern Trends in Research Methodology: Techniques and Applications” is crucial for researchers who want to improve their practice and advance methodology.

Research Methodology: A Step‐By‐Step Guide For Beginners
Research Methodology: A Step‐By‐Step Guide For Beginners

Author: Dr. Ravindra Kumar

Publisher: Academic Guru Publishing House

Published: 2023-05-18

Total Pages: 215

ISBN-13: 8119338065

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Research, in its broadest sense, may be thought of as the process of systematically collecting and analyzing data to gain a deeper understanding of a topic. The research employs methodical approaches to address theoretical and applied concerns. "Studiously inquiring or examining; investigating or experimenting to discover & interpret facts, revise the accepted theories or laws in light of the new facts, or put such new or revised theories or laws into practical application" is how the Oxford English Dictionary defines research. Some individuals see research as a progression, one that moves from the familiar to the unfamiliar. Inquisitiveness is a fundamental human trait since it compels us to wonder and investigate to get a deeper and deeper grasp of the world around us. Curiosity is the seed from which all knowledge grows, and the process by which humans learn about the world is what we call study. The word "research" must be used in a specialized context since it refers to a scholarly endeavour. Therefore, research is the original addition to the body of knowledge that contributes to its development. Science is the methodical investigation of the world via the use of analogy, comparison, and experiment. Research, in a nutshell, is the pursuit of answers to questions via the use of a methodical, objective process. Research also includes the methodical process of drawing broad conclusions and developing a hypothesis.

Language and Scientific Research
Language and Scientific Research

Author: Wenceslao J. Gonzalez

Publisher: Springer Nature

Published: 2021-04-27

Total Pages: 286

ISBN-13: 303060537X

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This book analyzes the role of language in scientific research and develops the semantics of science from different angles. The philosophical investigation of the volume is divided into four parts, which covers both basic science and applied science: I) The Problem of Reference and Potentialities of the Language in Science; II) Language and Change in Scientific Research: Evolution and Historicity; III) Scientific Language in the Context of Truth and Fiction; and IV) Language in Mathematics and in Empirical Sciences. Language plays a key role in science: our access to the theoretical, practical or evaluative dimensions of scientific activity begins with the mastery of language, continues with a deepening in the use of language and reaches the level of contribution when it creates new terms or changes them in sense and reference. This reveals the compatibility between objectivity in semantic contents and historicity in the progress of science. This volume is a valuable enrichment to students, academics and other professionals interested in science in all its forms, who seek to deepen the role that language plays in its structure and dynamics.