This book focused on the mechanical properties of standard Malaysian natural rubber. On the other hand, it also represents the laminated rubber-metal spring (LR-MS) development for vibration isolator application. Besides, this book aims to implement the usage of Malaysian natural rubber up to four different mechanical approaches: tensile, compression, microscopic, and nanoindentation. This book, concludes the mechanical properties of different types of Malaysian natural rubber.
ISBN : 978-967-2454-09-0 Author : Mohd Azli Salim Laminated rubber-metal bearing from natural rubber also been well-known as a vibration isolator to block vibration energy. However, most of existing works on the bearing especially the mathematical models consider only the performance of the bearing due to the static force. Development of mathematical model for dynamic force and also its response is still lacking. Additionally, application of the existing rubber bearings only focuses on motion in the horizontal direction (sliding motion) intended to counter the energy coming from the earthquake. In this book, it is of interest to develop new techniques to perform the performance of the bearing subjected to axial excitation, and also to explore the potential of the vibration isolator for other applications, where dynamic loading can come from axial direction, such as cars passing by on the bridge or highway, or ground-borne vibration from railway lines. At the end, the model can be used for many applications which are mechanical, civil, building and many more.
Speciality rubbers account for 15% of world rubber consumption in financial terms in spite of providing just 4% by c099. Their most important property is generally a high heat resistance, frequently required in combination with hydrocarbon oil resistance. Other key properties may include flexibility at low temperatures and long service life. 400 Abstracts from the Rapra Polymer Library.
This review discusses the different types of curing systems available today for different rubber types, including natural rubber, SBR, NBR, BR, IIR, CR, XIIR and EPDM. The uses of primary and secondary accelerators, prevulcanisation inhibitors (PVIs) and antireversion chemicals are outlined.Typical rubber formulations for applications in industrial rubber products and tyres are given. Cure systems are described and compared with extensive tables of data on formulae and compound properties. An additional indexed section containing several hundred abstracts from the Rapra Polymer Library database gives useful references for further reading.
This revised and expanded single-source reference analyzes all compounding material classes of dry rubber compounds, such as carbon blacks, platicizers and age resisters, integrating detailed information on how elastomers are built up. The work provides practical compounding tips on how to avoid oil or antioxidant bloom, how to adjust electrical conductivity and how to meet volume swell requirements.;This second edition: provides material on government regulations regarding rubber waste; presents current insights into the fast-growing polymer technology of thermoplastic elastomers; discusses the ramifications of the commercial availability of epoxidized natural rubber; and offers a comprehensive tabular chart on the properties of polymers.
The objectives of rubber compounding may be essentially defined as providing optimised performance and processability, generally at minimum cost, by the incorporation of non-rubber ingredients. Optimised performance in this context refers not only to mechanical properties but also, for example, resistance to bacteria or particular chemicals. In some applications a rubber may also need to be coloured, or bonded to another material, and further ingredients may be required. For many years, rubber compounding was largely empirical and frequently described as a black art. Today it is practised predominantly on the basis of scientific principles elucidated over years of study and is still the subject of intensive research. In this new report Claude Hepburn reviews the following range of compounding ingredients, considering the range of materials available, their particular actions and recent interesting advances: Process and extender oils; Process aids and surfactants; Coupling agents and adhesion promoters; Fire retardants, bactericides and blowing agents, colourants and odourants. An additional indexed section containing several hundred abstracts from the Polymer Library provides many more examples of novel materials and their applications.
This e-book is a compilation of papers presented at the 5th Mechanical Engineering Research Day (MERD'18) - Kampus Teknologi UTeM, Melaka, Malaysia on 03 May 2018.
Rubber components are used in many demanding applications, from tyres and seals to gloves and medical devices, and failure can be catastrophic. This review of Rubber Product Failure outlines and illustrates the common causes of failure, while addressing ways of avoiding it. There has been increasing pressure to improve performance so that rubbers can be used at higher temperatures and in harsher environments. For example, the under-the-bonnet temperature has increased in some vehicles and new medical devices require longer lifetimes in potentially degrading biological fluids. The expectations of tyre performance in particular are increasing, and retreads have been in the spotlight for failures. The definition of failure depends on the application. For example, a racing car engine seal that lasts for one race may be acceptable, but in a normal car a life span of 10 years is more reasonable. If appearance is critical as in surface coatings and paints, then discolouration is failure, whilst in seals leakage is not acceptable. Each rubber product must be fit for the use specified by the consumer. Failure analysis is critical to product improvement. the cause of the problem can be much harder to find. It can range from a design fault to poor material selection, to processing problems, to manufacturing errors such as poor dimensional tolerances, to poor installation, product abuse and unexpected service conditions. The rubber technologist must become a detective, gathering evidence, understanding the material type and using deductive reasoning. Testing and analysis of failed materials and components add to the information available for failure analysis. For example, stored aged tyres appeared superficially to be alright for use, but on drum testing small cracks grew more quickly than in new tyres leading to rapid failure in service. Quality control procedures such as product inspection, testing and material quality checks can help to reach 100 percent reliability. In critical applications such as electricians' gloves for high voltage working, gloves are inspected before each use, while engine seals may be routinely replaced before the expected lifetime to avoid problems. in the literature is not high. However, several reviews have been written on specific products and references can be found at the end of this review. Around 400 abstracts from papers in the Polymer Library are included with an index. Subjects covered include tyre wear and failure, seals, engine components, rubber bonding failure, rubber failure due to chloramine in water, tank treads, gloves and condoms, medical devices and EPDM roofing membranes.
This report provides an excellent, clearly written report on the state-of-the-art of food contact elastomers. In the UK, the Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food (MAFF), industry and Rapra have combined forces to study the issues surrounding rubbers in contact with food. A survey has been carried out of the food processing industry to determine which rubber products come into contact with food, contact area, duration of contact and temperature of contact. The results of this survey are found in the report and a compilation of data tables on each food industry studied is included as an appendix. An additional indexed section containing several hundred abstracts from the Rapra Polymer Library database gives useful references for further reading.
This report takes a broad overview of the rubber industry and highlights the key concerns over safety that are currently being raised. The statistics on the incidence of accidents are reviewed. The rubber industry has been highlighted as having a higher rate of accidents than other similar industries. Measures that can be taken to avoid injury from machinery are discussed, including advice from the International Labour Organization on mill safety. The review is accompanied by around 400 abstracts from the Rapra Polymer Library database, to facilitate further reading on this subject.
