Linguistische Berichte Heft 273
Linguistische Berichte Heft 273

Author: Markus Steinbach

Publisher: Helmut Buske Verlag

Published: 2023-02-15

Total Pages: 155

ISBN-13: 3967692795

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Vorwort der Redaktion Beiträge aus Forschung und Anwendung – Ewa Trutkowski & Helmut Weiß: Zeugen gesucht! Zur Geschichte des generischen Maskulinums im Deutschen. Abstract: On the basis of synchronic and diachronic data, we argue that in the human domain German masculine nouns commonly display a "non-male" generic interpretation which we take as evidence for a separation of syntactic and semantic gender: synchronically, we show that agreement differences between masculine and feminine nouns cannot be traced back to their semantic gender since nouns without sex specification (as e.g. feminine Person (person) or masculine Mensch (human being)) behave just as differently as nouns with sex specification. In the diachronic part, we prove that the so-called generic masculine is a stable and well-documented phenomenon in the grammatical system of German at least since the Old High German period. To substantiate this claim, we present numerous historical examples for the generic use of masculine nouns such as Gast (guest), Nachbar (neighbour), and Sünder (sinner). These nouns allow us to look at the particular language use without confounding it with the sociological problem of women's lack of professional integration in the past. – Jonas Romstadt & Niklas Reinken: Alles eine Frage der Form? Kommaformen in Handschriften und ihre funktionale Relevanz. Abstract: There are strict formal requirements for the use of a comma. However, there are none regarding the comma's actual shape. In printed fonts, it is determined by the font's specification. In handwritten texts though, the shape of the comma is variable; most writers choose from a set of straight, convex and concave shapes. By using a corpus of 1464 commas written by 99 individuals, we will present three case studies of persons whose comma shapes do somehow correlate with linguistic structures. With that, we might identify a few (possibly subconscious) shaping strategies. Some writers might mark a norm insecurity by a different comma form, others might mark the function of the entity which is segmented by the comma, or the comma type itself (sentence boundary, exposition or coordination). – Vincent Jixin Wang: Direkte versus indirekte Wahrnehmung: eine Fallstudie über spüren. Abstract: The German perception verb spüren ("feel"), patterning with other perception verbs such as sehen ("see") or hören ("hear"), exhibits various kinds of complement type to be selected. In this paper, I exploit a type-based compositional semantics in Asher (2011) to account for these cases. I propose a unified lexicon entry for spüren, which captures three essential semantic properties: First, the direct target of spüren are either special tropes (Moltmann, 2007, 2013) which are considered as concrete manifestations of a particular property associated with sensorial stimuli (r-TRO, e. g., bitterness, warmness), or events which can trigger tactile stimuli (t-EVT, e. g., earthquake, vibration). Second, the process of spüren always depends on the epistemic state of the subject of perception. Third, spüren involves an evidence-relation indicating that its target property should be an accessible evidence for the experiencer's identifying it or inferring something through it. In case of spüren, two kinds of perception should be distinguished: The direct perception based on sensorially triggered evidence, and the indirect perception representing an inference-based and cognitive process. Formally, the former is reflected in the regular composition, while in the latter case coercion is interpolated. – Yasunori Sumidai: Unterschiedliche Verwendungsweisen mit einer einheitlichen Funktion: aber als operative Anweisung für die Interpretation der nachfolgenden Äußerung. Abstract: The conjunction aber (≃ but) is said to have meanings such as semantic opposition, denial of expectation, or opposite evaluations.

Linguistische Berichte Heft 270
Linguistische Berichte Heft 270

Author: Günther Grewendorf

Publisher: Helmut Buske Verlag

Published: 2022-05-19

Total Pages: 138

ISBN-13: 3967691772

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Abstracts Wegner, Dennis, Härtl, Holden, Schlechtweg, Marcel: Optionality and the recovery of temporal information in German verb clusters. While the clause-final placement of finite elements is usually quite rigid in German embedded clauses, verbal clusters mark an exception in that they allow finite temporal auxiliaries to be placed linearly before the verbal elements they embed. The prescriptive rules of Standard German suggest that there is optionality with respect to the two ordering possibilities at least in future clauses. However, previous studies have shown that this also holds for perfect clauses with lassen ('let'). Based on two experimental studies focussing on verbal clusters with continuative lassen ('let') and perception verbs, which supposedly have similar properties, the present paper aims at investigating a) whether there really is proper optionality with respect to placing the finite auxiliary in a cluster-initial or clause-final position, and b) whether preposing the temporal auxiliary induces advantages for the processing of temporal information. Pafel, Jürgen: Konditionale und minimale Differenz. Counterfactuals invite us to imagine a course of the world in which certain state-of-affairs obtain which might be contrary to fact, but which is otherwise identical to the real course of the world. They invite us to imagine a minimal different course of the world. Minimal difference is an essential ingredient of many, perhaps most, semantic accounts of counterfactuals. They differ in the way they conceptualize minimal difference. I present a definition of 'minimal different course of the world' after discussing many scenarios in detail, with respect to which certain counterfactuals are supposed to be true or false. Minimal difference means that, as for a 'counterfactual' course of the world, everything is as it actually is except that (i) the counterfactual's antecedent is true and (ii) state-of-affair obtain which are possible in virtue of (i) and the regularities of the world. With this background, the truth condition of a counterfactual can be stated as follows: It is true if the consequent is true in every course of the world in which the antecedent is true, and which is minimal different from the actual course of the world. This kind of truth condition is argued to be adequate for singular indicative conditionals too. Various problems concerning this extension are discussed. A closer look at the pragmatics of counterfactuals exhibits a variety of different 'implications', whose status is partially unclear. Finally, I discuss the prospects of extending the minimal-difference semantics of conditionals to causals. Bauer, Anastasia: Rezension: Vadim Kimmelman (2019): Information structure in sign languages. Evidence from Russian Sign Language and Sign Language of the Netherlands. Berlin: De Gruyter and Ishara Press. Krstic, Vladimir: Rezension: Meibauer, Jörg (ed.) (2019): The Oxford handbook of lying. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Tsiknakis, Antonios: Rezension: Sonja Müller (2019): Die Syntax-Pragmatik-Schnittstelle. Ein Studienbuch. Tübingen: Narr Francke Attempto. Klaus, Müllner: Informationen und Hinweise.

Linguistische Berichte Heft 274
Linguistische Berichte Heft 274

Author: Markus Steinbach

Publisher: Helmut Buske Verlag

Published: 2023-05-30

Total Pages: 131

ISBN-13: 3967692817

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Beiträge aus Forschung und Anwendung – Emanuela Sanfelici: On the strength of D0: case resolution phenomena in free relative clauses Abstract: This paper proposes a novel account of free relative clauses (RCs), which associates case resolution patterns to the typology of D0 heads à la Longobardi (1994), Guardiano & Longobardi (2005). Although free RCs generally obey matching requirements, certain languages tolerate configurations where the case assigned by the matrix clause to the nominal phrase containing the free RC conflicts with that assigned within the RC. Languages vary as to whether they allow for case conflicting configurations and apply case resolution, and, if they do, as to whether the case conflict is resolved in compliance with that assigned from the matrix or the RC probe. By adopting a cartographic approach to free RCs, I account for the linguistic variation by means of two ingredients: (a) the property of the D0 head in a given language, strong vs. weak D0, and, in turn, of the feature-sharing mechanisms between D0 and the lower heads; (b) the operation of chain reduction phrased in terms of a subset relation. – Christian Hugo Hoffmann: Die Philosophie der Philosophie: Was zeichnet genuin philosophische Fragen aus? Abstract: Philosophy cannot be studied without becoming engaged in philosophy itself. Taking Timothy Williamson's seminal work "The Philosophy of Philosophy" as a point of departure for this analysis at hand, and a specific question therein, in his book, presented by him as genuinely philosophical, we discuss in this paper what characterizes distinguished philosophical questions and what does not. While Williamson responds critically to the so-called linguistic and conceptual turn considered central to (analytic) philosophy by con-tending that his chosen question, representative of many more, is philosophical but not even implicitly meta-linguistic or meta-conceptual, our contribution is different and three-fold: first, in homage to Williamson, we show that he might not achieve his argumentative goal. Going beyond the limited framework set by his monograph, we further argue, second and more generally, that the predicate "being a philosophical question" (such as his model question) suffers from vagueness. Finally, third, we derive implications from our investigation for the meta-philosophical answers of the Linguistic and Conceptual Turns. – Alexander Horn: Sprachgeschichtliche Stolperstellen im Geschichtscomic MOSAIK und ihr didaktisches Potential für den Deutschunterricht. Abstract: Up to now, comics have mainly been used for teaching literature. In this article, approaches of language teaching methodology for the use of comics in German classes are presented. Using the example of the history comic Mosaik, the article discusses different variants of language-historical staging. The didactic potential subsequently shown illustrates how comics can be used in language teaching to promote both vocabulary acquisition and the development of language criticism competence and thus the formation of language awareness among students. Rezensionen – Anja Müller: Fuchs, Julia (2020): Erwerb von Informationsstrukturellen Fähigkeiten – Produktion und Rezeption von (in)definiten Artikeln bei deutschsprachigen Kindern. – Niklas Reinken: Andreas, Renate & Michael Andreas (2020): Praxis-Fachbuch für den kompetenten Rechtschreibunterricht. Neue Erkenntnisse – Neue Wege Informationen und Hinweise von Klaus Müllner und den Herausgeber*innen

Linguistische Berichte Heft 276
Linguistische Berichte Heft 276

Author: Markus Steinbach

Publisher: Helmut Buske Verlag

Published: 2023-12-07

Total Pages: 123

ISBN-13: 396769285X

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Beiträge aus Forschung und Anwendung – Nanna Fuhrhop, Niklas Reinken & Jonas Romstadt: Der 'modalisierende' Gebrauch von Anführungszeichen in Abiturklausuren Abstract: Quotation marks are substantially used for direct speech and citations. For the 'modalizing' use, the Official Rules state that a "different understanding than usual" is indicated; they give very little information on the use of quotation marks beyond literal reference. It therefore seems all the more interesting to investigate the usage of modalizing quotation marks. In the present analysis, we studied the school-leaving examinations of an entire year. School-leaving examinations are texts by persons whose institutional acquisition of written language can be regarded as complete; they are texts written by skilled writers. The investigation takes into account both formal and functional observations. We recognized differences between school subjects that can be interpreted with regard to the concept of educational language. The writers described here showed a high sensitivity (conscious or unconscious) to the use of quotation marks, which we call the "struggle for educational language". This may be related to the corpus investigated here. However, our study constitutes a solid basis for further corpus studies on quotation marks. – Juliane Schwab, Jutta L. Mueller & Mingya Liu: Dimensions of variation in sentence comprehension: a case study on understating negative polarity items in German Abstract: Despite the rich theoretical and empirical literature on negative polarity items (NPIs) in general, understating NPIs like all that or much have received relatively little attention in psycholinguistics. In this paper, we investigate the comprehension, processing, and production of two such understating NPIs in German, namely 'sonderlich' ('particularly') and 'so recht' ('really'). In a first experiment, using self-paced reading and naturalness ratings, we found that 'sonderlich', contrary to 'so recht', was rated as natural in affirmative contexts although this environment is incompatible with NPIs. The finding is subsequently extended to the domain of sentence production, demonstrating that 'so recht' was consistently used as NPI, but 'sonderlich' was not. The last two experiments investigate the factors underlying this finding, showing that the surprising patterns for 'sonderlich' may relate to its susceptibility for interference from form- and meaning-related lexical competitors during tasks that strain cognitive resources, and, to some extent, to individual differences in participants' language aptitude measured through print exposure. Based on the novel empirical data, we discuss the theoretical status of 'sonderlich' and 'so recht' as understating NPIs, on the one hand, and the cognitive mechanisms affecting retrieval of their NPI-related lexical-semantic features, on the other. Rezensionen – Sophie Ellsäßer: Magali Paquot & Stefan Th. Gries (Hgg.) (2020): A practical handbook of corpus linguistics – Okan Kubus: Gary Morgan (ed.) (2020): Understanding deafness, language and development – Horst M. Müller: Michael A. Arbib (Hg.) (2020): How the brain got language – towards a new road map Informationen und Hinweise von Klaus Müllner und den Herausgeber*innen

Linguistische Berichte Heft 277
Linguistische Berichte Heft 277

Author: Markus Steinbach

Publisher: Helmut Buske Verlag

Published: 2024-02-16

Total Pages: 126

ISBN-13: 3967693953

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Beiträge aus Forschung und Anwendung – Milena Belosevic: Die Semantik ereignisbasierter Personennamenkomposita im Deutschen Abstract: The paper aims to account for the semantic properties of eventive personal name compounds in German (e.g. Brezel-Bush/Pretzel-Bush). These are compounds where the compound constituents are combined based on the discursive event in which the name bearer has participated. In this regard, the question arises of how the relationship between the compound constituents can be modelled given that the knowledge about the discursive event plays a central role. Starting from the corpus data collected from the German Reference Corpus (DeReKo), the Digital Dictionary of the German Language (DWDS) and Twitter (X), we test the hypothesis that the relationships between the constituents of eventive personal name compounds cannot be captured by existing approaches to the semantics of compounds. Instead we apply two frame semantics approaches to this compound type: an approach based on the German FrameNet and an approach based on Barsalou frames and show how they contribute to the linguistic operationalization of discursive events that underlie the relationship between the constituents. The analysis indicates that well-known advantages and disadvantages of both frame semantic approaches also apply to the eventive personal name compounds. Whereas the limited set of frame elements from the German FrameNet in combination with construction morphology can account for the non-compositional compound meaning, Barsalou-Frames are recursive and therefore provide better evidence for different aspects of knowledge involved in the interpretation of eventive personal name compounds. – Wei Gu: Geburtstagsglückwünsche in digitalen Dialogen: Ein Vergleich zwischen deutschsprachigen WhatsApp- und chinesischen WeChat-Messengernachrichten Abstract: This article is a contrastive study of birthday interactions in German and Chinese on WhatsApp and WeChat, respectively. The congratulatory formulas of both languages are examined, along with communicative and culture-specific phenomena related to written languages and pictograms in digital writing. This article attempts to explain the theoretical basis of general routine formulas and formulaic language, as well as greetings in messenger writing, and linguistic cultural analysis. In addition, the author has conducted an empirical investigation. At the textual level, high-frequency expressions in German and Chinese congratulatory dialogues have been collected quantitatively and presented in two word clouds. Apart from this, concrete acts of communication in both contexts will be analyzed qualitatively. The associated image-related discussion is conducted based on an overview of the general use of image symbols in messenger messages and, in particular, of the 15 emojis that are identified to be most frequently used as non-verbal components of congratulations. This is followed by examples of the use of figurative signs and a qualitative discussion of their culture-specific characteristics. This article also identifies the relationship building in birthday congratulations in Chinese WeChat and German WhatsApp. This research explains the change of the use of emojis and stickers in messenger writing and whether new communication possibilities in messenger messages can be expected in the future. – Judith Kalinowski: 'Leichte Sprache' in German as a foreign language: an empirical study about compound separation and pronoun use Abstract: 'Leichte Sprache' is a variety of German that is linguistically and structurally reduced in its complexity. It intends to facilitate reading and thus to make it easier for people with poor reading skills to participate in society. The target groups of Leichte Sprache are very heterogeneous, therefore, it is an open question which target groups benefit from which rules of Leichte Sprache.

Linguistische Berichte Heft 279
Linguistische Berichte Heft 279

Author: Markus Steinbach

Publisher: Helmut Buske Verlag

Published: 2024-08-28

Total Pages: 134

ISBN-13: 3967693996

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Beiträge aus Forschung und Anwendung – Lena Stutz: 'Wo ein Sprichwort ist, ist auch ein Muster.' Korpusbasierte Studien zur Produktivität und Schematizität deutscher Sprichwortmuster. Abstract: This article focuses a certain type of phraseological construction that has only been marginally investigated in phraseological research so far: productive, partially schematic units that go back to lexically fully specified phrasemes that, due to the popularity of the modification of certain positions, have developed over time into phrasemes with conceptual slot positions that require a separate cognitive anchoring, i. e. constitute an independent lexicon entry. On the basis of an exemplary selection of German proverbs like 'Ein Unglück kommt selten allein' (lit. 'A misfortune never comes alone') that are taken from the "Sprichwörterbuch" of the IDS-dictionary platform OWID (vgl. SWB), it will be shown that through serially and systematically operated modification processes, proverbs have even created a considerable amount of semi-schematic patterns that are used more or less productively. With recourse to Stumpf's (2016) distinction between modification patterns ("Modifikationsmuster") and phraseological schemata ("Modellbildungen") it will be argued, on empirical grounds, that said patterns underly different degrees of productivity and schematicity in that some of them represent only 'modification series' of the lexically specified proverb base (and thus are located as a phenomenon on the parole level) and others constitute 'true' phraseological constructions with an intrinsic vacancy structure that expand the lexicon (and therefore have the status of a system-level phenomenon). The central method used here are 'slot analyses', carried out by the corpus linguistic tool 'Lexpan' (Steyer & Brunner 2014), which allows for the differentiation of modified and schematic phrasemes on the basis of certain frequency values. In addition, 'timeline graphs' (Lüngen & Keibel 2014) are used, which can be particularly useful in classifying transition phenomena by visualizing the annual development of modifications over the last decades. – Lirim Selmani: Der koranische Imperativ 'qul' und seine Wiedergabe im Deutschen, sprechhandlungstheoretisch betrachtet. Abstract: In the Qoran, commands are commonly used by the devine speaker to address Mohammed and further addressees. The imperative mode is used frequently, especially the imperative "say!" ('qul'). The imperative is a linguistic devise which is specific to discourses. Hence it will be argued that the Qoran is a discourse rather than a text in the proper sense. The 'qul'-speech is closely related to the unwillingness of the addressees who do not believe in the prophethood of Mohammed. In German there are three lexicalized verbs for Arabic 'qul': 'sagen', 'sprechen', 'reden'. These verbs differ semantically form each other: 'sagen' puts the focus on the addressee, 'sprechen' puts the focus on the proposition, and 'reden' indicates a bidirectional communication. It will be shown how the Qoranic imperative 'qul' is translated into German. Rezensionen – Harro Stammerjohann: Raffaele Simone (2020): 'Il software del linguaggio' & Raffaele Simone (2022): 'La grammatica presa sul serio. Come è nata, come funziona e come cambia'. – Cornelia Loos: Josep Quer, Annika Herrmann, Roland Pfau (2020): 'The Routledge handbook of theoretical and experimental sign language research'. – Vilma Symanczyk Joppe: Sonja Taigel (2021): 'Ikonizität'. Informationen und Hinweise von Klaus Müllner und den Herausgeber*innen

Topicalization and Stress Clash Avoidance in the History of English
Topicalization and Stress Clash Avoidance in the History of English

Author: Augustin Speyer

Publisher: Walter de Gruyter

Published: 2010-03-26

Total Pages: 297

ISBN-13: 3110220245

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The book is concerned with the interaction of syntax, information structure and prosody in the history of English, demonstrating this with a case study of object topicalization. The approach is data-oriented, using material from syntactically parsed digital corpora of Old, Middle and Early Modern English, which serve as a solid foundation for conclusions. The use of object topicalization underwent a sharp decline from Old English until today. In the present volume, a basic prosodic well-formedness condition, the Clash Avoidance Requirement, is identified as the main factor for this change. With the loss of V2-syntax, object topicalization led more easily to cases in which two focalized phrases, the topicalized object and the subject, are adjacent. The two focal accents on these phrases would produce a clash, thus violating the Clash Avoidance Requirement. In order to circumvent this, the use of topicalization in critical cases is avoided. The Clash Avoidance Requirement is highly relevant also today, as experimental data on English and German show. Further, the Clash Avoidance Requirement helps to explain the well-known syntactic structure of the left periphery in Old English. An analysis positing two subject positions is defended in the study. The variation of these subject positions is shown to depend not on pronominal vs. lexical status of the subject but on information structural properties.

Language in its multifarious aspects
Language in its multifarious aspects

Author: Petr Sgall

Publisher: Karolinum Press

Published: 2006-04-01

Total Pages: 556

ISBN-13: 8024611589

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This exceptional book of selected essays by the leading Czech linguist and member of the Prague Linguistic Circle contains 26 essays in English and 4 in German. It presents the wide scope of Sgall's interest and in six parts introduces the main spheres of author's interest - the first part of the book deals with general and theoretical questions, the second contains Sgall's contribution to syntax, the third covers the functional sentence perspective, the fourth sentences and discourse, the fifth language typology and the last part covers speech and writing

Word-Formation
Word-Formation

Author: Peter O. Müller

Publisher: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG

Published: 2015-07-01

Total Pages: 974

ISBN-13: 3110394685

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This handbook comprises an in-depth presentation of the state of the art in word-formation. The five volumes contain 207 articles written by leading international scholars. The XVI chapters of the handbook provide the reader, in both general articles and individual studies, with a wide variety of perspectives: word-formation as a linguistic discipline (history of science, theoretical concepts), units and processes in word-formation, rules and restrictions, semantics and pragmatics, foreign word-formation, language planning and purism, historical word-formation, word-formation in language acquisition and aphasia, word-formation and language use, tools in word-formation research. The final chapter comprises 74 portraits of word-formation in the individual languages of Europe and offers an innovative perspective. These portraits afford the first overview of this kind and will prove useful for future typological research. This handbook will provide an essential reference for both advanced students and researchers in word-formation and related fields within linguistics.