Land Reform, Inequality, and Corruption

Land Reform, Inequality, and Corruption

Author: Jong-sung You

Publisher:

Published: 2014

Total Pages: 34

ISBN-13:

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This article presents some of the key arguments and findings of the author's forthcoming book, Democracy, Inequality and Corruption: Korea, Taiwan and the Philippines Compared (Cambridge University Press). It explores how inequality increases corruption via electoral clientelism, bureaucratic patronage, and elite capture of policy process through a comparative historical analysis of South Korea, Taiwan, and the Philippines that shared similar conditions at the time of independence. It finds that success and failure of land reform, which was little affected by corruption but largely determined by exogenous factors such as external communist threats and U.S. pressures for reform, produced different levels of inequality, which in turn influenced subsequent levels of corruption through capture and clientelism. In the Philippines, failed land reform maintained high inequality and domination of the landed elite in both politics and economy, which led to persistent political clientelism, increasing patronage in bureaucracy, and policy capture by the powerful elite. In contrast, successful land reform in South Korea and Taiwan dissolved the landed class and produced egalitarian socioeconomic structure, which helped to maintain state autonomy, contain clientelism, promote meritocratic bureaucracy, and develop programmatic politics over time.


Democracy, Inequality and Corruption

Democracy, Inequality and Corruption

Author: Jong-sung You

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Published: 2015-01-22

Total Pages: 309

ISBN-13: 1316195376

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In this comparative, historical survey of three East Asian democracies, Jong-sung You explores the correlation between inequality and corruption in the countries of South Korea, Taiwan and the Philippines. Drawing on a wealth of rich empirical research, he illustrates the ways in which economic inequality can undermine democratic accountability, thereby increasing the risk of clientelism and capture. Transcending the scope of corruption research beyond economic growth, this book surveys why some countries, like the Philippines, have failed to curb corruption and develop, whilst others such as South Korea and Taiwan have been more successful. Taking into account factors such as the success and failure of land reform, variations in social structure, and industrial policy, Jong-sung You provides a sound example of how comparative analysis can be employed to identify causal direction and mechanisms in political science.


Agricultural Land Redistribution and Land Administration in Sub-Saharan Africa

Agricultural Land Redistribution and Land Administration in Sub-Saharan Africa

Author: Frank Byamugisha

Publisher: World Bank Publications

Published: 2014-05-02

Total Pages: 153

ISBN-13: 1464801886

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Agricultural Land Redistribution and Land Administration in Sub-Saharan Africa: Case Studies of Recent Reforms focuses on “how” to undertake land reforms in Sub-Saharan Africa, but with relevant lessons for other developing countries. It provides details, with case studies, on how reforms were undertaken to address a pressing and controversial development challenge in Africa – land ownership inequality – and an intransigent development issue – inefficiency and corruption in land administration. An equally important contribution of the book is assessing reforms and highlighting valuable lessons for other countries contemplating reforms. The six case studies collectively cover two main areas of land governance: reforms in redistributing agricultural land and reforms in land administration. The first two case studies discuss reforms in redistributing agricultural land in Malawi and South Africa, part of the southern Africa region where land ownership inequalities rival those in Latin America. The remaining case studies, four in number, are focused on addressing corruption and inefficiency in land administration in a variety of contexts of governance including stable and post-conflict countries. The case studies cover: • Decentralizing land administration with demonstrations from Uganda, Ethiopia, Tanzania, and Ghana; • Developing post-conflict land administration systems with examples from Liberia and Rwanda; • Re-engineering and computerizing land information systems with examples from Ghana and Uganda; and • Improving management of government land through land inventories with examples drawn from Ghana and Uganda. The common elements between sometimes disparate experiences provide lessons of relevance to African and other developing countries contemplating similar reforms. The rigorous analysis and yet down-to-earth lessons of experience are a reflection of the authors’ deep global experience underpinned by personal participation in the reforms covered by the book. This volume will be of interest to a wide audience including land specialists and practitioners, African policy makers, experts and managers in the international development community, and the academia.


Autocracy and Redistribution

Autocracy and Redistribution

Author: Michael Albertus

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Published: 2015-09-15

Total Pages: 371

ISBN-13: 1107106559

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This book shows that land redistribution - the most consequential form of redistribution in the developing world - occurs more often under dictatorship than democracy. It offers a novel theory of land reform and tests it using extensive original data dating back to 1900.


Corruption and Inequality in Asia

Corruption and Inequality in Asia

Author: Jong-sung You

Publisher:

Published: 2016

Total Pages: 24

ISBN-13:

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There is a strong correlation between various measures of perceived or experienced corruption and measures of economic inequality across countries. Existing cross-national studies have found a significant effect of corruption on inequality and poverty as well as a significant and strong effect of inequality on corruption. There seems to be a strong reciprocal causal relationship between corruption and inequality, implying a vicious cycle of inequality and corruption.This general cross-national pattern is confirmed among Asian countries as well. Countries with the most successful economic development records in Asia, such as Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan, share the common historical experience: sweeping land reform post-World War II dissolved the landed elite and created exceptionally equal distribution of income and wealth. These countries also showed significantly lower levels of corruption, with more meritocratic and professional bureaucracies and less clientelistic politics, than those countries that failed to reduce high inequality. This comparative historical evidence indicates that it is possible to cut the vicious cycle of high inequality, high corruption, and low human development.


Democracy, Inequality and Corruption

Democracy, Inequality and Corruption

Author: Jong-sung You

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Published: 2015-01-22

Total Pages: 309

ISBN-13: 1107078407

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In this comparative, historical survey of three East Asian countries, Jong-sung You explores how inequality hinders democratic control of corruption.


Land, Protest, and Politics

Land, Protest, and Politics

Author: Gabriel Ondetti

Publisher: Penn State Press

Published: 2010-11-01

Total Pages: 304

ISBN-13: 0271047844

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Brazil is a country of extreme inequalities, one of the most important of which is the acute concentration of rural land ownership. In recent decades, however, poor landless workers have mounted a major challenge to this state of affairs. A broad grassroots social movement led by the Movement of Landless Rural Workers (MST) has mobilized hundreds of thousands of families to pressure authorities for land reform through mass protest. This book explores the evolution of the landless movement from its birth during the twilight years of Brazil&’s military dictatorship through the first government of Luiz In&ácio Lula da Silva. It uses this case to test a number of major theoretical perspectives on social movements and engages in a critical dialogue with both contemporary political opportunity theory and Mancur Olson&’s classic economic theory of collective action. Ondetti seeks to explain the major moments of change in the landless movement's growth trajectory: its initial emergence in the late 1970s and early 80s, its rapid takeoff in the mid-1990s, its acute but ultimately temporary crisis in the early 2000s, and its resurgence during Lula's first term in office. He finds strong support for the influential, but much-criticized political opportunity perspective. At the same time, however, he underscores some of the problems with how political opportunity has been conceptualized in the past. The book also seeks to shed light on the anomalous fact that the landless movement continued to expand in the decade following the restoration of Brazilian democracy in 1985 despite the general trend toward social-movement decline. His argument, which highlights the unusual structure of incentives involved in the struggle for land in Brazil, casts doubt on a key assumption underlying Olson's theory.


Agrarian Reform Under Chavez

Agrarian Reform Under Chavez

Author: Benedict M. McKay

Publisher: LAP Lambert Academic Publishing

Published: 2012-03

Total Pages: 172

ISBN-13: 9783848424924

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The debate surrounding land reform is back on the development agenda with a consensus amongst academics that the severe unequal distribution of land in developing countries is the main cause of persistent levels of poverty and inequality in the countryside. In Venezuela, a state-led agrarian reform programme is being pursued. This programme is designed with the most promising elements to offset strong landlord resistance, alleviate poverty, and increase agricultural productivity in the context of food sovereignty; but key weaknesses in the implementation and institutionalization of the programme hinder its ability to be fully effective. Three key weaknesses have been identified - corruption and political sabotage; private intermediaries; and a lack of regulation. The ability of the state and society to overcome these key weaknesses will dictate whether this agrarian reform programme can make for a successful and productive agrarian transformation or whether its inconsistency and its lack of capacity will lead to a crisis of legitimacy and increased conflicts. The state-society relationship and ability to confront and adapt to such challenges will determine long-term outcomes.


Does Corruption Affect Income Inequality and Poverty?

Does Corruption Affect Income Inequality and Poverty?

Author: Mr.Sanjeev Gupta

Publisher: International Monetary Fund

Published: 1998-05-01

Total Pages: 42

ISBN-13: 1451849842

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This paper demonstrates that high and rising corruption increases income inequality and poverty by reducing economic growth, the progressivity of the tax system, the level and effectiveness of social spending, and the formation of human capital, and by perpetuating an unequal distribution of asset ownership and unequal access to education. These findings hold for countries with different growth experiences, at different stages of development, and using various indices of corruption. An important implication of these results is that policies that reduce corruption will also lower income inequality and poverty.