In marked contrast to the United States, with its territorial stability, some countries, such as Bulgaria and Ethiopia, reorganize their regional subdivisions frequently. This large-format reference work simplifies the comparison of decades' worth of data from such countries: "With this book in hand, one can answer any administrative subdivision question about any state or province in the world from 1900 through 1998"--Abstracts of Public Administration, Development and Environment. For each country there is at least one table, and usually several. Histories of subdivision changes and lists of alternate names for subdivisions in each country add to the work's research value. All relevant national and international standards such as ISO and FIPS codes are listed, as well as time zones, populations, areas and capitals for each subdivision. There is a comprehensive index of names.
Space and time representation in language is important in linguistics and cognitive science research, as well as artificial intelligence applications like conversational robots and navigation systems. This book is the first for linguists and computer scientists that shows how to do model-theoretic semantics for temporal or spatial information in natural language, based on annotation structures. The book covers the entire cycle of developing a specification for annotation and the implementation of the model over the appropriate corpus for linguistic annotation. Its representation language is a type-theoretic, first-order logic in shallow semantics. Each interpretation model is delimited by a set of definitions of logical predicates used in semantic representations (e.g., past) or measuring expressions (e.g., counts or k). The counting function is then defined as a set and its cardinality, involving a universal quantification in a model. This definition then delineates a set of admissible models for interpretation.
These papers, presented at ALCTS' July 2000 Preconference on Metadata for Web Resources by a virtual who's who of the digital world, provide a timely overview of the challenges and difficulties of bringing order to a most unruly medium. Topics range from carefully considered viewpoints to possible standards to actual how-to's.
This book represents five and a half years of work by the ICA Commission on Standards for the Transfer of Spatial Data during the 1991- 95 ICA cycle. The effort began with the Commission working to develop a set of scientific characteristics by which every kind of spatial data transfer standard could be understood and assessed. This implies that every facet of the transfer process must be understood so that the scientific characteristics could be most efficiently specified. The members of the Commission spent hours looking at their own standard and many others, to ascertain how to specify most effectively the characteristic or subcharacteristic in question. The result is a set of internationally agreed scientific characteristics with 13 broad primary level classes of characteristics, 85 secondary characteristics, and about 220 tertiary characteristics that recognizes almost every possible capability that a spatial data transfer standard might have. It is recognized that no one standard possesses all of these characteristics, but contains a subset of these characteristics. However, these characteristics have been specified in such a way to facilitate understanding of individual standards, and use by interested parties of making comparisons for their own purposes. Although individual applications of a standard may be for different purposes, this set of characteristics provides a uniform measure by which the various standards may be assessed. The book presents an Introduction and four general chapters that describe the spatial data transfer standards activities happening in Europe, North America, Asia/Pacific, and the ISO community. This provides the context so the reader can more easily understand the scientific and technical framework from which a particular standard has come. The third section is a complete listing of all of the three levels of characteristics and their meaning by the inclusion of a set of definitions for terms used in the book. The fourth section, and by far the largest, contains 22 chapters that assess each of the major national and international spatial data transfer standards in the world in terms of all three levels of characteristics. Each assessment has been done by a Commission member who has been an active participant in the development of the standard being assessed in the native language of that standard. A cross-table chart is also provided.
UNESCO pub. UNISIST guide to standards for information and documentation handling - groups ISO, IFLA, ansi and other standards under broad headings (terminology, classification and subject analysis), and covers production, reproduction, writing, editing and management, representation of information, preparation of bibliographic records and interchange of machine-readable data. Bibliography pp. 207 to 271.
With this thorough, no-nonsense guidebook, Donne Florence cuts through the "technobabble" to explain constructing a personalized LAN. Includes techniques for analyzing any company's communications and networking needs. Illustrated.
With the continuous expansion of technical capabilities and communication media, authoritative geographical names are sought for accurate reporting, geo-referencing and inclusion in geographical information systems. The present Reference Manual focuses on the technical aspects of geographical names standardization, including Romanization systems and toponymic data transfers and formats. Publishing Agency: United Nations (UN).
