The parallel history of the evolution of human intelligence and artificial intelligence is a fascinating journey, highlighting the distinct but interconnected paths of biological evolution and technological innovation. This history can be seen as a series of interconnected developments, each advance in human intelligence paving the way for the next leap in artificial intelligence. Human intelligence and artificial intelligence have long been intertwined, evolving in parallel trajectories throughout history. As humans have sought to understand and reproduce intelligence, AI has emerged as a field dedicated to creating systems capable of tasks that traditionally require human intellect. This book examines the evolutionary roots of intelligence, explores the emergence of artificial intelligence, examines the parallel history of human intelligence and artificial intelligence, tracing their development, interactions, and profound impact they have had on each other, and envisions future landscapes where intelligence converges human and artificial. Let's explore this history, comparing key milestones and developments in both realms.
"The rise of AI must be better managed in the near term in order to mitigate longer term risks and to ensure that AI does not reinforce existing inequalities"--Publisher.
The consistent development of information technology (IT) paves the way for companies to make the shift to digital work as their principal mode of operation. This is made feasible by the rapid progress of IT. As a consequence of this, employers are putting pressure on employees to adapt to new forms of employment, which may include less interaction with other people but more interaction with information technology. However, as a consequence of these new ways of doing things, workers won't be able to carry out their responsibilities with the same principles and beliefs that they have been used to bringing to the table in the past. The continual upheaval that takes place in the workplace has the potential to influence the self-beliefs that constitute a person's professional identity at work, also known as the perception of one's function in the workplace. This is because self beliefs are sensitive to being influenced by the perception of one's function in the workplace. The act of having one's identity questioned by an experience that is in direct opposition to who they are may result in a decline in one's sense of self-worth as well as a potential threat to the integrity of one's identity. As a consequence of this, it is possible that activities that are targeted at maintaining self-esteem connected with identity will be necessary in light of the fact that the landscape and experiences of a number of professions have been transformed as a result of the development of technology. The digitization of workplaces is directly responsible for the growing popularity of digital labour as the normal operating procedure in organisations. One of the primary factors that is driving this discussion is the continuing development of artificial intelligence (AI), which can be defined as "the ability of a machine to perform cognitive functions that we associate with human minds, such as perceiving, reasoning, learning, interacting with the environment, problem-solving, decision-making, and even demonstrating creativity." Artificial intelligence is put to use in many different capacities within the field of digital labour, including (managerial) decision making, data analysis and prediction work, or (human-AI) interaction. 1 | P a ge Because of this, artificial intelligence will continually bring about changes to working environments and professions, perhaps putting the lives of people whose jobs are replaced by computers in jeopardy. On the other hand, this might lead to a reduction in value if the people who utilise AI systems have major variances in their perspectives. In addition, the use of AI has the potential to contribute to the growth of ambiguity and the invasion of individuals' right to personal privacy. The phrase "dark side of AI" is often used to refer to this undesirable phenomenon, which outlines the ways in which AI offers risks for individuals, businesses, and society as a whole. However, the adoption of AI in enterprises may not only eliminate or modify current jobs but also create new sectors of labour, such as in the disciplines of engineering, programming, or even social domains. This is because AI may be able to perform some or all of the tasks associated with these vocations. This is due to the fact that AI is capable of learning new things and adjusting to its surroundings. There is an ongoing sense of optimism over artificial intelligence and the economic effects that it will have (Selz, 2020). The public discourse about artificial intelligence has been more optimistic over the last several years; despite this, the concern that AI would displace current jobs continues to outweigh the potential for human and AI collaboration in the future. The interaction between humans and artificial intelligence demonstrates that people's views of AI are based on a wide variety of features to varying degrees. For example, salient signals, affordances, or collaborative interaction may have an effect on a person's emotions and, as a consequence, their intents about artificial intelligence (Shin, 2021). The manner in which an employee applies technology in the course of their work contributes to the formation of that employee's sense of self identity. In order to investigate this matter in a way that is adequate, we are going to adopt the perspective of Carter and who define the word "IT identity" as "the extent to which a person views use of an IT as integral to his or her sense of self." This will allow us to investigate this matter in a manner that is adequate. It is possible that the implementation of AI in the workplace will run opposite to the employees' identification with their activities, which may cause them to engage in resistive behaviours such as an aversion to algorithms on their part. The phenomenon known as "algorithm aversion" is characterised by the fact that employees, when faced with the same conditions as before, prefer to get assistance from a human being rather than from a computer programme. A possible definition of IT identity danger is "the anticipation of harm to an individual's self-beliefs, caused 2 | P a ge by the use of an IT, and the entity it applies to is the individual user of an IT." The individual user of an IT is the entity to whom this definition applies.A term that might be used to describe this obstruction is "IT identity threat." As a consequence of this, having an awareness of the development of upcoming predictors that impact AI resistance based on IT identity risks is very necessary. This is owing to the fact that it is anticipated that the introduction of AI would modify employment inside enterprises, which in turn may have an influence on the identities of the individuals working in such firms.
The past 50 years have witnessed a revolution in computing and related communications technologies. The contributions of industry and university researchers to this revolution are manifest; less widely recognized is the major role the federal government played in launching the computing revolution and sustaining its momentum. Funding a Revolution examines the history of computing since World War II to elucidate the federal government's role in funding computing research, supporting the education of computer scientists and engineers, and equipping university research labs. It reviews the economic rationale for government support of research, characterizes federal support for computing research, and summarizes key historical advances in which government-sponsored research played an important role. Funding a Revolution contains a series of case studies in relational databases, the Internet, theoretical computer science, artificial intelligence, and virtual reality that demonstrate the complex interactions among government, universities, and industry that have driven the field. It offers a series of lessons that identify factors contributing to the success of the nation's computing enterprise and the government's role within it.
The fifth volume in this book series consists of a collection of new papers written by a diverse group of international scholars. Papers and presentations were carefully selected from 160 papers submitted to the International Conference on Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence held in Montreal, Quebec (May 2018) and an associated free public lecture entitled 'Artificial Intelligence and Pattern Recognition: Trendy Technologies in Our Modern Digital World'. Chapters address topics such as the evolution of AI, natural language processing, off and on-line handwriting analysis, tracking and detection systems, neural networks, rating video games, computer-aided diagnosis, and digital learning.Within an increasingly digital world, 'artificial intelligence' is becoming a household term and a topic of great interest to many people worldwide. Pattern recognition, in using key features to classify data, has a strong relationship with artificial intelligence. This book not only complements other monographs in the series, it also provides the latest information. It is geared to promote interest and understanding about pattern recognition and artificial intelligence to the general public. It may also be of interest to graduate students and researchers in the field. Rather than focusing on one specific area, the book introduces readers to various basic concepts and to various potential areas where pattern recognition and artificial intelligence can be applied to make valuable contributions to other fields such as medicine, teaching and learning, forensic science, surveillance, online reviews, computer vision and object tracking.
This textbook examines the ethical, social, and policy challenges arising from our rapidly and continuously evolving computing technology—ranging from the Internet, over to the cross-platforms consisting of ubiquitous portable and wearable devices to the eagerly anticipated metaverse—and how we can responsibly access and use these spaces. The text emphasizes the need for a strong ethical framework for all applications of computer science and engineering in our professional and personal life. This comprehensive seventh edition features thoroughly revised chapters with new and updated content, hardened by the bedrock ethical and moral values. Because of the rapidly changing computing and telecommunication ecosystem, a new chapter on Ethics and Social Responsibility in the Metaverse has been added. The interface between our current universe and the evolving metaverse presents a security quagmire. The discussion throughout the book is candid and intended to ignite students' interest and participation in class discussions and beyond. Topics and features: Establishes a philosophical framework and analytical tools for discussing moral theories and problems in ethical relativism Offers pertinent discussions on privacy, surveillance, employee monitoring, biometrics, civil liberties, harassment, the digital divide, and discrimination Discusses the security and ethical quagmire in the platforms of the developing metaverse Provides exercises, objectives, and issues for discussion with every chapter Examines the ethical, cultural and economic realities of mobile telecommunications, computer social network ecosystems, and virtualization technology Reviews issues of property rights, responsibility and accountability relating to information technology and software Explores the evolution of electronic crime, network security, and computer forensics Introduces the new frontiers of ethics: virtual reality, artificial intelligence, and the Internet This extensive textbook/reference addresses the latest curricula requirements for understanding the cultural, social, legal, and ethical issues in computer science and related fields, and offers invaluable advice for industry professionals wishing to put such principles into practice.
As artificial intelligence (AI) continues to seep into more areas of society and culture, critical social perspectives on its technologies are more urgent than ever before. Bringing together state-of-the-art research from experienced scholars across disciplines, this Handbook provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of critical AI studies.
This is the very first book to explicitly both detail the core general principles of institutional and evolutionary political economy and also apply the principles to current world problems such as the coronavirus crisis, climate change, corruption, AI-Robotics, policy-governance, money and financial instability, terrorism, AIDS-HIV and the nurturance gap. No other book has ever detailed explicitly such core principles and concepts nor ever applied them explicitly to numerous current major problems. The core general principles and concepts in this book, which are outlined and detailed include historical specificity & evolution; hegemony & uneven development; circular & cumulative causation; heterogeneous groups & agents; contradiction & creative destruction; uncertainty; innovation; and policy & governance. This book details the nature of how these principles and concepts can be used to explain current critical issues and problems throughout the world. This book includes updated chapters that have won two journal research Article of the Year Awards on climate change (one from the European Association for Evolutionary Political Economy, EAEPE); as well as a Presidential address to the Association for Evolutionary Economics (AFEE) on corruption. The structure of the book starts with two chapters on the principles of institutional and evolutionary political economy: firstly their history, and secondly a chapter on the contemporary nature of the principles and concepts. This is followed by nine chapters applying some of the core principles to current world problems such as the coronacrisis, climate change, corruption, AI-robotics, policy, money & financial instability, terrorism, HIV-AIDS and the nurturance gap. The book finishes with a conclusion, a glossary of major terms and an index. The author’s principles are well established in the literature and this book provides a detailed exposition of them and their application.
The first report in a new flagship series, WIPO Technology Trends, aims to shed light on the trends in innovation in artificial intelligence since the field first developed in the 1950s.
The investigation of computational models of argument is a rich and fascinating interdisciplinary research field with two ultimate aims: the theoretical goal of understanding argumentation as a cognitive phenomenon by modeling it in computer programs, and the practical goal of supporting the development of computer-based systems able to engage in argumentation-related activities with human users or among themselves. The biennial International Conferences on Computational Models of Argument (COMMA) provide a dedicated forum for the presentation and discussion of the latest advancements in the field, and cover both basic research and innovative applications. This book presents the proceedings of COMMA 2020. Due to the Covid-19 pandemic, COMMA 2020 was held as an online event on the originally scheduled dates of 8 -11 September 2020, organised by the University of Perugia, Italy. The book includes 28 full papers and 13 short papers selected from a total of 78 submissions, the abstracts of 3 invited talks and 13 demonstration abstracts. The interdisciplinary nature of the field is reflected, and contributions cover both theory and practice. Theoretical contributions include new formal models, the study of formal or computational properties of models, designs for implemented systems and experimental research. Practical papers include applications to medicine, law and criminal investigation, chatbots and online product reviews. The argument-mining trend from previous COMMA’s is continued, while an emerging trend this year is the use of argumentation for explainable AI. The book provided an overview of the latest work on computational models of argument, and will be of interest to all those working in the field.
