Intellectual property use in middle income countries: the case of Chile
Intellectual property use in middle income countries: the case of Chile

Author: World Intellectual Property Organization

Publisher: WIPO

Published: 2018

Total Pages: 44

ISBN-13:

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We analyze the use of intellectual property (IP) by firms in Chile over the decade 1995-2005 as the then middle-income country experienced rapid economic growth of 4.7 percent per year. We use a novel dataset that contains a combination of detailed firm-level information from the annual manufacturing census, information on firms’ innovative activities from Chile’s innovation surveys, and firms’ patent, industrial design, and trademark filings with the Chilean IP office. We use these data to look at how IP use by companies has changed over time and analyze the determinants of IP use, in particular first-time use. We find that sales growth prompts first-time use of patents and trademarks, though such use does not change the growth trajectory of firms nor does it improve their total factor productivity. We also find that trademark use is associated with new-to-the-world product innovation, which suggests that branding may be an important mechanism to appropriate returns to innovation in a middle-income country like Chile.

Innovation and IP Rights in the Chilean Copper Mining Sector: The Role of the Mining, Equipment, Technology and Services Firms
Innovation and IP Rights in the Chilean Copper Mining Sector: The Role of the Mining, Equipment, Technology and Services Firms

Author: Claudio Bravo-Ortega

Publisher: WIPO

Published: 2019-05-09

Total Pages: 31

ISBN-13:

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This analysis of intellectual property (IP) protection practices among mining equipment, technology and services suppliers (METS) in Chile’s copper mining sector adds to a body of literature that has hitherto focused on high-income countries. It is based on data collated from an online survey of resident METS and on semi-structured interviews of executives from mining companies and suppliers, including two universities. The main conclusion is that, although METS appear to be innovative in relation to the mining sector and the economy as a whole, only a few use intellectual property rights (IPRs) to protect their innovations. The main reasons for this finding appear to be the cost and expected complexity of the registration process. Another noteworthy finding is the view that Chile has the requisite legal IPR expertise, but commercial capabilities (expertise in IPR-based innovation management and business plans) are much less developed. In the last section, four case studies of product and process innovation by four mining suppliers add some interesting insights to the analysis.

Trademarks Squatters: Evidence from Chile
Trademarks Squatters: Evidence from Chile

Author: World Intellectual Property Organization

Publisher: WIPO

Published:

Total Pages: 55

ISBN-13:

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This paper explores the phenomenon of “trademark squatting” – a situation in which someone other than the original brand owner obtains a trademark on a brand. The authors develop a model that shows how squatting results from market uncertainty that leads brand owners to rationally forgo registering trademarks, creating opportunities for squatting. They create an algorithm to identify squatters in the Chilean trademark register and show empirically that squatting is a persistent and systematic phenomenon. Using data on trademark oppositions, the authors find that squatting leads brand owners that have been exposed to squatting to “over-protect” their brands by registering disproportionately many trademarks and covering classes other than those directly related to their products and services. Trademark squatting, therefore, creates a strategic, albeit excessive, response by brand owners which inflates trademark filings.

Measuring the International Mobility of Inventors: A New Database
Measuring the International Mobility of Inventors: A New Database

Author: Ernest Miguelez

Publisher: WIPO

Published: 2013

Total Pages: 33

ISBN-13:

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This paper has two objectives. First, it describes a new database mapping migratory patterns of inventors, extracted from information included in patent applications filed under the Patent Cooperation Treaty. It explains in detail the information contained in the database and discusses the usefulness and reliability of the underlying data. Second, the paper provides a descriptive overview of inventor migration patterns, based on the information contained in the newly constructed database.

Promoting Access to Medical Technologies and Innovation - Intersections between Public Health, Intellectual Property and Trade
Promoting Access to Medical Technologies and Innovation - Intersections between Public Health, Intellectual Property and Trade

Author: World Intellectual Property Organization

Publisher: WIPO

Published: 2013

Total Pages: 259

ISBN-13: 9280523082

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This study has emerged from an ongoing program of trilateral cooperation between WHO, WTO and WIPO. It responds to an increasing demand, particularly in developing countries, for strengthened capacity for informed policy-making in areas of intersection between health, trade and IP, focusing on access to and innovation of medicines and other medical technologies.

The Use of Intellectual Property in Chile
The Use of Intellectual Property in Chile

Author: World Intellectual Property Organization

Publisher: WIPO

Published: 2013

Total Pages: 83

ISBN-13:

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This study describes patterns and trends of intellectual property (IP) use in Chile, drawing on a new database containing all patent, trademark, utility model, and design filings received by the Chilean IP office over the period 1991-2010. Among other things, the study offers insights into the drivers of filing growth, the origin of filings, the distribution of applicants, the importance of different applicant types, the share of filings by different economic sectors, the relevance of IP bundles, and the patenting behavior of Chilean applicants overseas.

The Use of Intellectual Property in Brazil
The Use of Intellectual Property in Brazil

Author: Vivian Barcelos

Publisher:

Published: 2023

Total Pages: 0

ISBN-13:

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This study describes patterns and trends of intellectual property (IP) use in Brazil, drawing on a new statistical database (BADEPI) containing all IP filings at Brazilian Instituto Nacional da Propriedade Industrial (INPI) over the period 2000-2011. This novel database contains a unique set of information about patents, utility models, industrial designs, trademarks, geographical indications, computer programs and IP-related contracts. In addition, the study documents the methodology to construct this novel database from bibliographical unit-record data, which among others makes use of unique identification of applicants and inventors across all forms of IP.

Getting Patents and Economic Data to Speak to Each Other: An “Algorithmic Links with Probabilities” Approach for Joint Analyses of Patenting and Economic Activity
Getting Patents and Economic Data to Speak to Each Other: An “Algorithmic Links with Probabilities” Approach for Joint Analyses of Patenting and Economic Activity

Author: Travis J. Lybbert

Publisher: WIPO

Published:

Total Pages: 32

ISBN-13:

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In this paper, the authors describe and explore a new algorithmic approach to constructing concordances between the International Patent Classification (IPC) system and industry classification systems that organize economic data. This ‘Algorithmic Links with Probabilities’ (ALP) approach incorporates text analysis software and keyword extraction programs and applies them to a comprehensive patent dataset. The authors conclude with a discussion on some of the possible applications of the concordance and provide a sample analysis that uses their preferred ALP concordance to analyze international patent flows based on trade patterns.