The papers included in this issue of ECS Transactions were originally presented in the symposium ¿Integrated Optoelectronics 4¿, held during the PRiME 2008 joint international meeting of The Electrochemical Society and The Electrochemical Society of Japan, with the technical cosponsorship of the Japan Society of Applied Physics, the Korean Electrochemical Society, the Electrochemistry Division of the Royal Australian Chemical Institute, and the Chinese Society of Electrochemistry. This meeting was held in Honolulu, Hawaii, from October 12 to 17, 2008.
The English edition is based upon the second edition of the German version of the book. The author would like to thank Mr. A.H. Armstrong for providing the basic English manuscript of the text, his critical reading, and valuable comments. Thanks are also due to Mrs. A. Demmer, Mr. J. Matern, Mrs. B. Titze and Mrs. S. Pfetsch for preparing the camera ready manuscript and the figures. Springer Verlag has generously supported the project and cooperating with them has been a great pleasure. Ulm, April 1992 K.J. Ebeling Preface to the First German Edition This book is a comprehensive introduction to waveguide optics and photonics in semiconductor crystals. Interest is centered on integrated optoelectronic devices for the transmission and processing of optical signals. These optical communi cations engineering devices are becoming increasingly important for optical disk storage systems, for optical chip-chip interconnections and of course for optical fiber transmission and exchange.
This compilation of review articles by leading experts presents clearly the trend in future optoelectronic devices. It is clear that optoelectronic and photonic integration help to further improve high-speed system capabilities and increase the total systems and network capacities with WDM technology. The foundation of the integration technology is based on quantum well materials, and advanced epitaxial growth and device processing techniques. The integrated laser/ modulators, multi-wavelength laser arrays, and OEIC receivers have demonstrated the feasibility of this technology, but much work remains to be done to put such technology to practice.
Integrated optoelectronics is becoming ever more important to communications, computer, and consumer industries. It is the enabling technology in a variety of systems, ranging from low-cost, robust optical componentsin consumer electronics to high-performance broadband information networks capable of supporting video and multimedia conferencing. The requirements for producing low-cost, highly reliable components for deployment in these new systems have created a technology challenge. Integrated optoelectronics promises to meet the performance and cost objectives of these applications by integrating both optical and electronic components in a highly functional chip. This book provides an overview of this exciting newtechnology. Integrated Optoelectronics brings together a group of acknowledged experts from both universities and industry around the world to focus on a common theme of integration. These experts have reported not only on the state-of-the-art, but also on the physics and design experience that goes into implementing integrated chips and modules. This book is a cohesive series of articles that includes a discussion of the intimate trade-offs between materials, processes, devices, functional blocks, packaging,and systems requirements in a truly integrated technology. This integration encompasses electrical, optoelectronic, and optical devices onto monolithic or hybrid chips, and into multichip modules. This volume surveys state-of-the-art research activities in integrated optoelectronics and gathers most of the important references into a single place. It outlines the major issues involved in integrating both optical and electronic components, provides an overview of design and fabrication concepts, and discusses the issues involved in bringing these new chips to the marketplace. This exciting new book: Provides a broad overview of the optoelectronic field, including materials processing, devices, and systems applications Features authors who are acknowledged research experts in this field, from both industry and universities around the world Includes new information on device fabrication, including the latest epitaxial growth and lift-off techniques to permit the mixing of dissimilar materials onto single chips Covers planar processed laser fabrication leading to wafer level automated testing Discusses optimization of devices for integration, including a detailed treatment of the vertical emitting laser and theoretical and experimental coverage of optimization of photodetectors for integration into receiver chips Describes design approaches for multifunctional chips, including photonic circuits for all-optical networks and the design of integrated optoelectronic chips with lasers, photodiodes, and electronic ICs Covers the infrastructure needed to support an integrated technology, including automated design systems which treat both optical and electrical circuits, and multichip packaging approaches for both optical and IC chips
As we approach the end of the present century, the elementary particles of light (photons) are seen to be competing increasingly with the elementary particles of charge (electrons/holes) in the task of transmitting and processing the insatiable amounts of infonnation needed by society. The massive enhancements in electronic signal processing that have taken place since the discovery of the transistor, elegantly demonstrate how we have learned to make use of the strong interactions that exist between assemblages of electrons and holes, disposed in suitably designed geometries, and replicated on an increasingly fine scale. On the other hand, photons interact extremely weakly amongst themselves and all-photonic active circuit elements, where photons control photons, are presently very difficult to realise, particularly in small volumes. Fortunately rapid developments in the design and understanding of semiconductor injection lasers coupled with newly recognized quantum phenomena, that arise when device dimensions become comparable with electronic wavelengths, have clearly demonstrated how efficient and fast the interaction between electrons and photons can be. This latter situation has therefore provided a strong incentive to devise and study monolithic integrated circuits which involve both electrons and photons in their operation. As chapter I notes, it is barely fifteen years ago since the first demonstration of simple optoelectronic integrated circuits were realised using m-V compound semiconductors; these combined either a laser/driver or photodetector/preamplifier combination.
The book covers the entire topic from the basics of optoelectronics, device physics of photodetectors and light emitters, simulation of photodetectors, and technological aspects of optoelectronic integration in microelectronics to circuit aspects and practical applications. It summarizes the state of the art in integrated silicon optoelectronics and reviews recent publications on this topic. Results of basic research on silicon light emitters are included as well, while published results are compared with each other and with the work of the author.
Numerous efforts are directed at investigating the use of optics at short distances--for example, at the chip-to-chip and board-to-board levels of the interconnection hierarchy. This book provides an overview of the state of the art in heterogeneous integration of electronics, optoelectronics, and micro-optics for short-distance optical interconnections.
