This book provides a comprehensive introduction to the Institutional Grammar, an approach for analyzing the design of institutions. To lay the foundation for the application of the Grammar for different application areas, the book first provides a background of the IG, before motivating the introduction of an updated version of the Institutional Grammar, called the Institutional Grammar 2.0 that aims at representing institutions more comprehensively and with greater validity. The book then turns to applications and introduces methodological guidance alongside expositions of emerging analytical applications of the “Grammar” that include presentations of current practice, as well as developing novel analytical opportunities that the analyst can apply or build upon for their application. This book is aimed at students, faculty, and practitioners of diverse disciplinary backgrounds with varying levels of understanding of institutional analysis and experience conducting it.
The analysis of how institutions are formed, how they operate and change, and how they influence behavior in society has become a major subject of inquiry in politics, sociology, and economics. A leader in applying game theory to the understanding of institutional analysis, Elinor Ostrom provides in this book a coherent method for undertaking the analysis of diverse economic, political, and social institutions. Understanding Institutional Diversity explains the Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework, which enables a scholar to choose the most relevant level of interaction for a particular question. This framework examines the arena within which interactions occur, the rules employed by participants to order relationships, the attributes of a biophysical world that structures and is structured by interactions, and the attributes of a community in which a particular arena is placed. The book explains and illustrates how to use the IAD in the context of both field and experimental studies. Concentrating primarily on the rules aspect of the IAD framework, it provides empirical evidence about the diversity of rules, the calculation process used by participants in changing rules, and the design principles that characterize robust, self-organized resource governance institutions.
Offers elementary teachers advice and strategies to help them teach, apply, and understand English grammar while still adhering to state and school standards.
Pakistan’s water management is at a critical watershed. The world’s seventh-most populous country faces serious challenges that will require improvements in both the "hardware" and "software" of agricultural water management. Water shortages are growing rapidly as a result of growing demand across all water-using sectors. Rapid population growth, from 175 million people in 2010 to an estimated 236 million by 2030 and 280 million by 2050, and international food-price spikes create pressure to increase agricultural production of staples; but demand for cash crops is also growing rapidly, including for cotton, fruit trees and tobacco, to raise rural incomes and generate rural employment to absorb the relatively young, rapidly growing rural population. Water management is also increasingly affected by climate change – including an increased number of flood and drought events – and growing energy shortages, which affect how water is being sourced and used. Last but not least, Pakistan’s political situation is fragile, which has reduced incentives to invest in enhanced agricultural water (and other) technologies. How Pakistan addresses these challenges will be decisive for its population’s future water and food security, for economic growth, and for environmental sustainability. It will also affect water and food outcomes globally, due to the interconnectedness of global food trade. This book was published as a special issue of Water International.
“This enlightening book provides unique insights into the governance of the digital world, and the impact of that digital world on governance of the economy and society.” —B. Guy Peters, Maurice Falk Professor of American Government, Pittsburgh University, USA, and Former President of International Public Policy Association (IPPA) “Well-researched, this book is insightful and constructive. Broadly defining institutions as an ecosystem of relationships, readers gain new perspectives on hard problems. A fast, worthwhile read!” —Vinton Cerf, Internet pioneer, Vice President and Chief Internet Evangelist at Google “Governance for the Digital World is a highly welcome contribution to the pursuit of good governance in what till some years ago was labeled unchartered territory in the world we are living in. It is high time to get more insight into the dilemmas, intricacies, predicaments, and, last but not least, the considerable opportunities offered by digital technologies and algorithms in particular. It is of the utmost importance that for that matter this book stresses the notion of the digital commons. Irrespective of the role of state and non-state actors, eventually digital technologies pervade the daily existence of all human beings. So good governance is not a matter of choice but sheer necessity. And, as the authors show in their in-depth analysis, good governance reaches beyond the do’s and don’ts of governments. It is also about the functions and interests of private corporations and small- and midsize businesses, non-governmental organizations, offline and online media, and the citizenry at large. I commend the authors for their inclusive approach to digital governance and self-governance. Their book is at the very heart of today’s pivotal debate on good governance in the digital world.” —Uri Rosenthal, Former Minister of Foreign Affairs, Former Special Envoy for Cyber Diplomacy, and Chairman Advisory Council for Science, Technology and Innovation, Netherlands This book explores new frameworks, institutional arrangements, rules, and policies for governance of the digital world. As digitization rapidly intertwines the many dimensions of society, billions of people have witnessed a quiet and seamless integration of the Internet, software, platforms, algorithms, and digital devices into their daily lives, as well as into many forms of governance and decision making in the public and private sectors. The new technologies require new norms and practices to govern the digital world. This is the challenge addressed by this book: How can society create institutions that govern the digital world in a way that is beneficial to society? This book explores answers—still initial and provocative—to this central question. The reflections presented in this book have a theoretical and conceptual nature borrowed from different fields of science to identify the main challenges for the governance of the digital world.
The first International Online Language Conference was successfully held in September 2008. This event invited professors, Masters and Ph.D. students, and academicians from around the world to submit papers in areas related to the conference theme. The event was organized by International Online Knowledge Service Provider (IOKSP). The main conference objectives were as follows: to provide a platform for language educators, academicians, and researchers from diverse cultural backgrounds to exchange ideas and the best practices for effective language teaching and learning; to promote better understanding of cultural diversity in language learning; to encourage language educators to be involved in the research process in order to achieve comprehensive excellence; and to produce a collection of scholarly papers.
The Teacher's Grammar Book, Second Edition introduces the various grammars that inform writing instruction in our schools, and examines methods, strategies, and techniques that constitute best classroom practices for teaching grammar and writing. Designed for students who are preparing to become English or language arts teachers, as well as for credentialed teachers who want an easy-to-use guide to questions of methods, grammar, and teaching, this overview of basic English grammar includes the following major topics: a brief history of grammar, teaching grammar, grammar and writing, traditional grammar, transformational-generative grammar, cognitive grammar, dialects, black English, and Chicano English. New in the reorganized and fully updated Second Edition: *new chapter giving a brief history of grammar and grammar instruction; *new chapter on best practices--strategies and techniques that actually work; *expanded chapter on cognitive grammar--a topic not found in other texts of this nature; *expanded chapter on dialects; *summary and evaluation of the minimalist program (Noam Chomsky's most recent revision of transformational-generative grammar)--a topic unique among texts of this kind; and *reduced discussion of transformational grammar.
The Philippine series of the PALI Language Texts, under the general editorship of Howard P. McKaughan, consists of lesson textbooks, grammars, and dictionaries for seven major Filipino languages.
