Graphical Rational Patterns
Graphical Rational Patterns

Author: Roberto Bachi

Publisher: Transaction Publishers

Published:

Total Pages: 290

ISBN-13: 9781412824811

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In this book an attempt is made to evaluate the adequacy of common diagrammatical, cartographical and other graphical methods in order to represent, in a scientific manner, the various types of statistical data, of which graphical presentation may be sought. In regard to many important types of data—such as contingency tables, correlation tables, other double-entry tables and various geographical-statistical distributions—common graphical methods seem to be inadequate. A new device—the Graphical Rational Patterns (GRP)—which appears to be of considerable help in graphical presentation of such data, is therefore, introduced. Single GRP enable the representation of any integer /?= 10 ? + a by a pattern formed by u unitary marks of area a (which indicate the units) and by t marks of area 10a (which indicate the tens). As these patterns require very little space, and are enclosed within small square frames, they allow extremely simple representation of any double-entry table. Such single patterns can be used too, to indicate on a geographical map, that a varue n is to be attached to a given area or a given line (isoline, line of traffic-flow, etc.). By the means of GRP, it is possible to solve rationally many problems connected with the construction of a geographical statistical map. The use of GRP also allows rearrangement at will of the various elements of the graph without changing the entire graph: for instance, individual GRP, or columns or lines of GRP can be removed, and their order changed. The book illustrates possibilities of making alternative comparisons of data; of examining alternative hypotheses, or relationships between data represented; of discovering "lags" and "leads"; and following-up cohorts in the course of time, etc. GRP graphs may be prepared quickly by anyone, by the use of preprinted patterns prepared on adhesive paper. Examples of applications have been taken from different fields: official, national and international statistics, demography, economics, sociology, geography, anthropology, meteorology, business administration, teaching of statistical methods, etc.

Graphical Methods for Data Analysis
Graphical Methods for Data Analysis

Author: J. M. Chambers

Publisher: CRC Press

Published: 2018-01-18

Total Pages: 410

ISBN-13: 135108075X

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This book present graphical methods for analysing data. Some methods are new and some are old, some require a computer and others only paper and pencil; but they are all powerful data analysis tools. In many situations, a set of data even a large set- can be adequately analysed through graphical methods alone. In most other situations, a few well-chosen graphical displays can significantly enhance numerical statistical analyses.

A History of Data Visualization and Graphic Communication
A History of Data Visualization and Graphic Communication

Author: Michael Friendly

Publisher: Harvard University Press

Published: 2021-06-08

Total Pages: 337

ISBN-13: 0674975235

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A comprehensive history of data visualizationÑits origins, rise, and effects on the ways we think about and solve problems. With complex information everywhere, graphics have become indispensable to our daily lives. Navigation apps show real-time, interactive traffic data. A color-coded map of exit polls details election balloting down to the county level. Charts communicate stock market trends, government spending, and the dangers of epidemics. A History of Data Visualization and Graphic Communication tells the story of how graphics left the exclusive confines of scientific research and became ubiquitous. As data visualization spread, it changed the way we think. Michael Friendly and Howard Wainer take us back to the beginnings of graphic communication in the mid-seventeenth century, when the Dutch cartographer Michael Florent van Langren created the first chart of statistical data, which showed estimates of the distance from Rome to Toledo. By 1786 William Playfair had invented the line graph and bar chart to explain trade imports and exports. In the nineteenth century, the Ògolden ageÓ of data display, graphics found new uses in tracking disease outbreaks and understanding social issues. Friendly and Wainer make the case that the explosion in graphical communication both reinforced and was advanced by a cognitive revolution: visual thinking. Across disciplines, people realized that information could be conveyed more effectively by visual displays than by words or tables of numbers. Through stories and illustrations, A History of Data Visualization and Graphic Communication details the 400-year evolution of an intellectual framework that has become essential to both science and society at large.

Mapping Israel, Mapping Palestine
Mapping Israel, Mapping Palestine

Author: Jess Bier

Publisher: MIT Press

Published: 2017-06-30

Total Pages: 342

ISBN-13: 0262036150

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Digital practices in social and political landscapes: Why two researchers can look at the same feature and see different things. Maps are widely believed to be objective, and data-rich computer-made maps are iconic examples of digital knowledge. It is often claimed that digital maps, and rational boundaries, can solve political conflict. But in Mapping Israel, Mapping Palestine, Jess Bier challenges the view that digital maps are universal and value-free. She examines the ways that maps are made in Palestine and Israel to show how social and political landscapes shape the practice of science and technology. How can two scientific cartographers look at the same geographic feature and see fundamentally different things? In part, Bier argues, because knowledge about the Israeli military occupation is shaped by the occupation itself. Ongoing injustices—including checkpoints, roadblocks, and summary arrests—mean that Palestinian and Israeli cartographers have different experiences of the landscape. Palestinian forms of empirical knowledge, including maps, continue to be discounted. Bier examines three representative cases of population, governance, and urban maps. She analyzes Israeli population maps from 1967 to 1995, when Palestinian areas were left blank; Palestinian state maps of the late 1990s and early 2000s, which were influenced by Israeli raids on Palestinian offices and the legacy of British colonial maps; and urban maps after the Second Intifada, which show how segregated observers produce dramatically different maps of the same area. The geographic production of knowledge, including what and who are considered scientifically legitimate, can change across space and time. Bier argues that greater attention to these changes, and to related issues of power, will open up more heterogeneous ways of engaging with the world.