Gender Wage Differentials in Brazil: Trends Over a Turbulent Era
Author: Francisco Gallego, G. R. Arabsheibani
Publisher: World Bank Publications
Published:
Total Pages: 25
ISBN-13:
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Gender Wage Differentials in Brazil
Author: G. R. Arabsheibani
Publisher:
Published: 2003
Total Pages: 32
ISBN-13:
DOWNLOAD EBOOKGender Equality at Work Pay Transparency Tools to Close the Gender Wage Gap
Author: OECD
Publisher: OECD Publishing
Published: 2021-11-30
Total Pages: 134
ISBN-13: 9264942394
DOWNLOAD EBOOKDespite big societal changes, and many labour market, educational and public policy initiatives, women are still paid less than men. This report presents the first stocktaking of pay transparency tools across OECD countries and explores how such policies can help level the playing field for women and men at work.
Global Wage Report 2018/19
Author: International Labour Office
Publisher:
Published: 2018-11-26
Total Pages: 179
ISBN-13: 9789220313466
DOWNLOAD EBOOKThe 2018/19 edition analyses the gender pay gap. The report focuses on two main challenges: how to find the most useful means for measurement, and how to break down the gender pay gap in ways that best inform policy-makers and social partners of the factors that underlie it. The report also includes a review of key policy issues regarding wages and the reduction of gender pay gaps in different national circumstances.
Gender, Work and Wages in Industrial Revolution Britain
Author: Joyce Burnette
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Published: 2008-04-17
Total Pages: 16
ISBN-13: 1139470582
DOWNLOAD EBOOKA major study of the role of women in the labour market of Industrial Revolution Britain. It is well known that men and women usually worked in different occupations, and that women earned lower wages than men. These differences are usually attributed to custom but Joyce Burnette here demonstrates instead that gender differences in occupations and wages were instead largely driven by market forces. Her findings reveal that rather than harming women competition actually helped them by eroding the power that male workers needed to restrict female employment and minimising the gender wage gap by sorting women into the least strength-intensive occupations. Where the strength requirements of an occupation made women less productive than men, occupational segregation maximised both economic efficiency and female incomes. She shows that women's wages were then market wages rather than customary and the gender wage gap resulted from actual differences in productivity.
Firms and the Decline in Earnings Inequality in Brazil
Author: Jorge Alvarez
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Published: 2017-12-14
Total Pages: 59
ISBN-13: 1484333039
DOWNLOAD EBOOKWe document a large decrease in earnings inequality in Brazil between 1996 and 2012. Using administrative linked employer-employee data, we fit high-dimensional worker and firm fixed effects models to understand the sources of this decrease. Firm effects account for 40 percent of the total decrease and worker effects for 29 percent. Changes in observable worker and firm characteristics contributed little to these trends. Instead, the decrease is primarily due to a compression of returns to these characteristics, particularly a declining firm productivity pay premium. Our results shed light on potential drivers of earnings inequality dynamics.
Gender Segregation at Work
Author: Sylvia Walby
Publisher:
Published: 1988
Total Pages: 218
ISBN-13:
DOWNLOAD EBOOKSUMMARY:Explores explanations of gender segregation at work, the changing forms and levels of segregation, and deliberate attempts to reduce it. Provides the general theoretical and historical background, a number of specific case studies, and a discussion of such issues as part-time work, the role of trade unions, sex discrimination, sexual harassment, and racism in relation to gender segregation.
Wage Inequality in Latin America
Author: Julián Messina
Publisher: World Bank Publications
Published: 2017-12-28
Total Pages: 292
ISBN-13: 1464810400
DOWNLOAD EBOOKWhat caused the decline in wage inequality of the 2000s in Latin America? Looking to the future, will the current economic slowdown be regressive? Wage Inequality in Latin America: Understanding the Past to Prepare for the Future addresses these two questions by reviewing relevant literature and providing new evidence on what we know from the conceptual, empirical, and policy perspectives. The answer to the fi rst question can be broken down into several parts, although the bottom line is that the changes in wage inequality resulted from a combination of three forces: (a) education expansion and its eff ect on falling returns to skill (the supply-side story); (b) shifts in aggregate domestic demand; and (c) exchange rate appreciation from the commodity boom and the associated shift to the nontradable sector that changed interfi rm wage diff erences. Other forces had a non-negligible but secondary role in some countries, while they were not present in others. These include the rapid increase of the minimum wage and a rapid trend toward formalization of employment, which played a supporting role but only during the boom. Understanding the forces behind recent trends also helps to shed light on the second question. The analysis in this volume suggests that the economic slowdown is putting the brakes on the reduction of inequality in Latin America and will likely continue to do so—but it might not actually reverse the region’s movement toward less wage inequality.
China's Rebalancing and Gender Inequality
Author: International Monetary Fund
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Published: 2021-05-11
Total Pages: 27
ISBN-13: 1513573772
DOWNLOAD EBOOKThis paper examines gender inequality in the context of structural transformation and rebalancing in China. We document declining women's relative wages and labor force participation in China during the last two decades, despite rapid growth and expansion of the service sector. Using household data, we provide evidence consistent with a U-shaped relationship between economic development and women's labor market outcomes. Using a model of structural transformation, we show that labor market barriers for women have increased over time. Model counterfactuals suggest that removing these barriers and increasing service sector productivity can boost both gender equality and economic growth in China.
The Short-Term Impact of COVID-19 on Labor Markets, Poverty and Inequality in Brazil
Author: International Monetary Fund
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Published: 2021-03-05
Total Pages: 36
ISBN-13: 1513571648
DOWNLOAD EBOOKWe document the short-term impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Brazilian labor market focusing on employment, wages and hours worked using the nationally representative household surveys PNAD-Continua and PNAD COVID. Sectors most susceptible to the shock because they are more contact-intensive and less teleworkable, such as construction, domestic services and hospitality, suffered large job losses and reductions in hours. Given low income workers experienced the largest decline in earnings, extreme poverty and the Gini coefficient based on labor income increased by around 9.2 and 5 percentage points, respectively, due to the immediate shock. The government’s broad based, temporary Emergency Aid transfer program more than offset the labor income losses for the bottom four deciles, however, such that poverty relative to the pre-COVID baseline fell. At a cost of around 4 percent of GDP in 2020 such support is not fiscally sustainable beyond the short-term and ended in late 2020. The challenge will be to avoid a sharp increase in poverty and inequality if the labor market does not pick up sufficiently fast in 2021.
