Formation, Growth, and Decay of Sea Ice in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago
Formation, Growth, and Decay of Sea Ice in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago

Author: Michael A. Bilello

Publisher:

Published: 1960

Total Pages: 48

ISBN-13:

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Freeze-up at Alert, Eureka, Isachsen, Mould Bay, and Resolute in the Canadian Arctic was observed to occur any time between the last week in August and the last week in September. A mathematical relationship between air temperature and sea-ice formation provided a favorable method for predicting the date of freeze-up at these stations. The maximum seasonal growth of sea ice, 269 cm, was measured at Isachsen; the minimum, 149 cm, was measured at Resolute. These values are based on measurements made at the five stations in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago having a total of 35 station years of record. Equations to predict the growth of sea ice by increments were derived empirically from the observations made at these locations. A separate term is introduced in the equations to take account of the effects of snow-cover depths on ice growth. To apply the formulas only air-temperature and snow-depth data are required. The study disclosed good correlation between air temperature and decrease in sea-ice thickness at the Arctic stations. The relationship was found to be: h = 0.55 sigma theta where h = decrease in ice thickness (cm) and sigma theta = accumulated degree days (above -1.8C). (Author).

Polar Oceans from Space
Polar Oceans from Space

Author: Josefino Comiso

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2010-03-24

Total Pages: 513

ISBN-13: 0387683003

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Only a few centuries ago, we knew very little about our planet Earth. The Earth was considered flat by many although it was postulated by a few like Aristotle that it is spherical based on observations that included the study of lunar eclipses. Much later, Christopher Columbus successfully sailed to the West to discover the New World and Ferdinand Magellan’s ship circumnavigated the globe to prove once and for all that the Earth is indeed a sphere. Worldwide navigation and explorations that followed made it clear that the Earth is huge and rather impossible to study solely by foot or by water. The advent of air travel made it a lot easier to do exploratory studies and enabled the mapping of the boundaries of continents and the oceans. But aircraft coverage was limited and it was not until the satellite era that full c- erage of the Earth’s surface became available. Many of the early satellites were research satellites and that meant in part the development of engineering measurement systems with no definite applications in mind. The Nimbus-5 Electrically Scanning Microwave Radiometer (ESMR) was a classic case in point. The sensor was built with the idea that it may be useful for meteorological research and especially rainfall studies over the oceans, but success in this area of study was very limited.

Climatic Changes on a Yearly to Millennial Basis
Climatic Changes on a Yearly to Millennial Basis

Author: N.-A. Mörner

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2013-04-17

Total Pages: 651

ISBN-13: 9401576920

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Nils-Axel Marner &Wibjarn Karlen Organizers of the Stockholm Symposium in 1983 Stockholm University, Sweden This book is the Proceedings of the SECOND NORDIC SYMPOSIUM ON CLIMATIC CHANGES AND RELATED PROBLEMS held in Stockholm, Sweden, May 16-20, 1983 (Frydendahl et al., 1983; Marner, 1983). This was "an international interdisciplinary symposium with special refe rence to Nordic records and their relation to global climatic changes". The first NORDIC SYMPOSIUM ON CLIMATIC CHANGES AND RELATED PROBLEMS was held in Copenhagen in 1978 ( Frydendahl, 1978) and had a very broad scientific program. The SECOND NORDIC SYMPOSIUM was specifically directed to certain problems, time ranges and sources of information, as discussed below. Scandinavia is a classical area for the study of climatic fluctuations during the last 20,000 years . A major part of the basic data for the international theories and synthesis originate from Scandinavian data. This applies, for example, to: (1) The drastic climatic fluctuations in connection with the re cession of the land-ice giving rise to the alternation of inter stadials (warm periods with rapid ice recession) and stadials (cold periods with readvances or retardations in the ice recession). (2) The climatic changes during the Holocene with its well-known sub-division according to the Blytt-Sernander system (nowadays being used far outside the boreal region for which it was origi nally defined). (3) The Holocene climatic optimum and the subsequent climatic de terioration at around 2500 BP (well-established already at the beginning of this century).