This report presents a cost analysis of polymer grade (PG) Ethylene production starting from an ethane/propane mixture at a volume ratio of 4:1 A typical steam cracking process with front-end demethanization is employed. In this process, a mix of 80 vol% ethane and 20 vol% propane is thermally cracked in pyrolysis furnaces. In addition to polymer grade Ethylene, the process also generates polymer grade propylene and hydrogen-rich gas. This report was developed based essentially on the following reference(s): "Ethylene", Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 7th edition Keywords: Ethene, Propene, Hydrocarbon Pyrolysis, Cracking Furnace, Lummus, KBR, Technip, Linde, S&W
This report presents a cost analysis of polymer grade (PG) Ethylene production starting from an ethane/propane mixture at a volume ratio of 4:1. A typical steam cracking process with front-end demethanization is employed. In this process, a mix of 80 vol% ethane and 20 vol% propane is thermally cracked in pyrolysis furnaces. In addition to polymer grade Ethylene, the process also generates polymer grade propylene and hydrogen-rich gas. This report was developed based essentially on the following reference(s): "Ethylene", Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 7th edition Keywords: Ethene, Propene, Hydrocarbon Pyrolysis, Cracking Furnace, Lummus, KBR, Technip, Linde, S&W
This report presents alternatives for producing Ethylene from different feedstocks and a cost comparison of these alternatives, across different countries. More specifically, the report compares the costs of Ethylene production through the following pathways: * Pathway 1: Ethylene Production from Ethane * Pathway 2: Ethylene Production from Ethane and Propane * Pathway 3: Green Ethylene Production from Ethanol In Pathways 1 and 2, Ethylene is produced via steam cracking of different feedstocks: ethane and a mixture of ethane and propane. In Pathway 3, Ethylene is produced from ethanol, which is a renewable feedstock. The analysis presented in this report includes: * A comparison of the economic potential of the pathways listed above in several countries, comprising: - Comparative analysis of capital costs - Comparative analysis of production costs - Comparison between product price and raw materials costs of each pathway * An overview of each production pathway, including: - Raw material(s) consumption figures and product(s) generated - Related technology licensors and block flow diagram of representative industrial processes Keywords: Hydrocarbon Pyrolysis, Cracking Furnace, Ethene, Propene, Shale Gas, CB&I Lummus, Technip, Shaw Stone & Webster, Kellogg-Braun & Root, KBR, Linde, Green Ethylene, Braskem, Chematur Technologies, Petron Scientech, Scientific Design, Dow Chemical, BP, Ethanol Dehydration
This report presents alternatives for producing Ethylene from different feedstocks and a cost comparison of these alternatives, across different countries. More specifically, the report compares the costs of Ethylene production through the following pathways:* Pathway 1: Ethylene Production from Ethane* Pathway 2: Ethylene Production from Ethane and Propane* Pathway 3: Green Ethylene Production from EthanolIn Pathways 1 and 2, Ethylene is produced via steam cracking of different feedstocks: ethane and a mixture of ethane and propane. In Pathway 3, Ethylene is produced from ethanol, which is a renewable feedstock.The analysis presented in this report includes:* A comparison of the economic potential of the pathways listed above in several countries, comprising: * Comparative analysis of capital costs * Comparative analysis of production costs * Comparison between product price and raw materials costs of each pathway * An overview of each production pathway, including: * Raw material(s) consumption figures and product(s) generated * Related technology licensors and block flow diagram of representative industrial processes Keywords: Hydrocarbon Pyrolysis, Cracking Furnace, Ethene, Propene, Shale Gas, CB&I Lummus, Technip, Shaw Stone & Webster, Kellogg-Braun & Root, KBR, Linde, Green Ethylene, Braskem, Chematur Technologies, Petron Scientech, Scientific Design, Dow Chemical, BP, Ethanol Dehydration
This report presents a cost analysis of polymer grade (PG) Ethylene production from ethane feedstock using a typical steam cracking process. In this process, ethane is thermally cracked in pyrolysis furnaces through the use of steam. Besides Ethylene, the process also generates a hydrogen-rich gas to be used as fuel. This report examines one-time costs associated with the construction of a United States-based plant and the continuing costs associated with the daily operation of such a plant. More specifically, it discusses: * Capital Investment, broken down by: - Total fixed capital required, divided in production unit (ISBL); infrastructure (OSBL) and contingency - Alternative perspective on the total fixed capital, divided in direct costs, indirect costs and contingency - Working capital and costs incurred during industrial plant commissioning and start-up * Production cost, broken down by: - Manufacturing variable costs (raw materials, utilities) - Manufacturing fixed costs (maintenance costs, operating charges, plant overhead, local taxes and insurance) - Depreciation and corporate overhead costs * Raw materials consumption, products generation and labor requirements * Process block flow diagram and description of industrial site installations (production unit and infrastructure) This report was developed based essentially on the following reference(s): "Ethylene", Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 7th edition Keywords: Ethene, Hydrocarbon Pyrolysis, Cracking Furnace, Lummus, KBR, Technip, Linde, S&W
This report presents a cost analysis of polymer grade (PG) Ethylene production from propane feedstock using a typical steam cracking process. In this process, propane is thermally cracked in pyrolysis furnaces through the use of steam. In addition to Ethylene, the process also generates polymer grade propylene, pygas and a crude C4s stream as by-products. This report was developed based essentially on the following reference(s): "Ethylene", Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 7th edition Keywords: Ethene, Propene, Pyrolysis Gasoline, Hydrocarbon Pyrolysis, Cracking Furnace, Lummus, KBR, Technip, Linde, S&W
This graduate-level textbook covers the major developments in surface sciences of recent decades, from experimental tricks and basic techniques to the latest experimental methods and theoretical understanding. It is unique in its attempt to treat the physics of surfaces, thin films and interfaces, surface chemistry, thermodynamics, statistical physics and the physics of the solid/electrolyte interface in an integral manner, rather than in separate compartments. It is designed as a handbook for the researcher as well as a study-text for graduate students. Written explanations are supported by 350 graphs and illustrations.
This report presents alternatives for producing PG Propylene from different feedstocks and a cost comparison of these alternatives, across different countries. More specifically, the report compares the costs of PG Propylene production through the following pathways:* Pathway 1: Propylene Production from Light Naphtha* Pathway 2: Propylene Production from Ethylene and Butenes* Pathway 3: Propylene Production from Propane (with Hydrogen Generation)Pathway 1 corresponds to a steam cracker for Propylene production (ethylene as co-product). In Pathway 2, Propylene is produced via metathesis reaction of ethylene with 2-butene (present in raffinate-2 feedstock). In Pathway 3, propane is dehydrogenated to Propylene with hydrogen generated being valued as fuel. The analysis presented in this report includes:* A comparison of the economic potential of the pathways listed above in several countries, comprising: * Comparative analysis of capital costs * Comparative analysis of production costs * Comparison between product price and raw materials costs of each pathway * An overview of each production pathway, including: * Raw material(s) consumption figures and product(s) generated * Related technology licensors and block flow diagram of representative industrial processes Keywords: Propene, Ethene, Steam Cracking, PDH, Propane Dehydrogenation, Olefins Conversion Technology, OCT
Chemical Engineering Design, Second Edition, deals with the application of chemical engineering principles to the design of chemical processes and equipment. Revised throughout, this edition has been specifically developed for the U.S. market. It provides the latest US codes and standards, including API, ASME and ISA design codes and ANSI standards. It contains new discussions of conceptual plant design, flowsheet development, and revamp design; extended coverage of capital cost estimation, process costing, and economics; and new chapters on equipment selection, reactor design, and solids handling processes. A rigorous pedagogy assists learning, with detailed worked examples, end of chapter exercises, plus supporting data, and Excel spreadsheet calculations, plus over 150 Patent References for downloading from the companion website. Extensive instructor resources, including 1170 lecture slides and a fully worked solutions manual are available to adopting instructors. This text is designed for chemical and biochemical engineering students (senior undergraduate year, plus appropriate for capstone design courses where taken, plus graduates) and lecturers/tutors, and professionals in industry (chemical process, biochemical, pharmaceutical, petrochemical sectors). New to this edition: - Revised organization into Part I: Process Design, and Part II: Plant Design. The broad themes of Part I are flowsheet development, economic analysis, safety and environmental impact and optimization. Part II contains chapters on equipment design and selection that can be used as supplements to a lecture course or as essential references for students or practicing engineers working on design projects. - New discussion of conceptual plant design, flowsheet development and revamp design - Significantly increased coverage of capital cost estimation, process costing and economics - New chapters on equipment selection, reactor design and solids handling processes - New sections on fermentation, adsorption, membrane separations, ion exchange and chromatography - Increased coverage of batch processing, food, pharmaceutical and biological processes - All equipment chapters in Part II revised and updated with current information - Updated throughout for latest US codes and standards, including API, ASME and ISA design codes and ANSI standards - Additional worked examples and homework problems - The most complete and up to date coverage of equipment selection - 108 realistic commercial design projects from diverse industries - A rigorous pedagogy assists learning, with detailed worked examples, end of chapter exercises, plus supporting data and Excel spreadsheet calculations plus over 150 Patent References, for downloading from the companion website - Extensive instructor resources: 1170 lecture slides plus fully worked solutions manual available to adopting instructors
The Sourcebook for Teaching Science is a unique, comprehensive resource designed to give middle and high school science teachers a wealth of information that will enhance any science curriculum. Filled with innovative tools, dynamic activities, and practical lesson plans that are grounded in theory, research, and national standards, the book offers both new and experienced science teachers powerful strategies and original ideas that will enhance the teaching of physics, chemistry, biology, and the earth and space sciences.
