A comprehensive resource for information about differenttechnologies and methods to measure and analyze contamination ofair, water, and soil. * Serves as a technical reference in the field of environmentalscience and engineering * Includes information on instrumentation used for measurement andcontrol of effluents and emissions from industrial facilities thatcan directly influence the environment * Focuses on applications, making it a practical reference tool
The rapid increase in environmental measurements during the past few decades is associated with (1) increasing awareness of the complex relations linking biological responses to atmospheric variables, (2) development of improved data acquisition and handling equipment, (3) the application of modeling to environmental problems, and (4) the implementation of large, cooperative studies of international scope. The consequences of man's possible alteration of the environment have increased our interest in the complex nature of biological responses to meteorological variables. This has generated activity in both measurements and in the application of modeling techniques. The virtual explosion of modeling activity is also associated with the development oflarge computers. The testing of these models has demonstrated the need for more, different, and better environmental data. In addition, technological developments, such as integrated circuits, have reduced the cost, power consumption, and complexity of data acquisition systems, thus promoting more environmental measurements. The emergence of scientific cooperation on a global scale has increased measurement activities markedly. The International Geophysical Year (1958) has been followed by the International Hydrologic Decade, the Inter national Biological Program, the Global Atmospheric Research Program, and a host of environmental studies of a regional nature that have all emphasized field data collection.
This book describes the fundamental scientific principles underlying high quality instrumentation used for environmental measurements. It discusses a wide range of in situ sensors employed in practical environmental monitoring and, in particular, those used in surface based measurement systems. It also considers the use of weather balloons to provide a wealth of upper atmosphere data. To illustrate the technologies in use it includes many examples of real atmospheric measurements in typical and unusual circumstances, with a discussion of the electronic signal conditioning, data acquisition considerations and data processing principles necessary for reliable measurements. This also allows the long history of atmospheric measurements to be placed in the context of the requirements of modern climate science, by building the physical science appreciation of the instrumental record and looking forward to new and emerging sensor and recording technologies.
Presents case studies analysing instrument mixes applied in OECD countries to address household waste, non-point sources of water pollution in agriculture, residential energy efficiency, regional air pollution and emissions to air of mercury.
” Technology is manmade to address human needs” “Can the world sustain current economic growth?” “Natural Greenhouse Effect warms Earth by 33C” ” Land degradation have been cumulative over time” “World population may reach 1 trillion by 9000 CE” “Earth is subject to all forces imposed by the universe” “Plastic pollution is a very serious environmental issue” “Global water movements spreads pollutants all over world” “Climate changes are due to natural causes and human activities” “The polluted air is not confined by regional or national boundaries” “Effects of technology on the environment can be direct and indirect” “Today’s technologies are collective products of thousands of people” “Prior to 19th century almost all energy used by humans was renewable” “Until 20th century, the knowledge on the environment was severely limited” “Technologies acted as catalyst to change the social settings and structures” “Environmental instrumentation science helps to collect reliable information” “Human use of natural resources raises questions on their future availability” “Overexploitation throughout the history resulted in extinction of many species” “Environmental laws, rules, and regulations may be misinterpreted and misused” “Technology is helping human activities from environmentally harmful practices” “Humans need to learn living within the laws of the nature and the laws of universe” “There are environmental activities in collaborative, cooperative, and good will manner” “Voluntary and noncommercial organization constitute major environmental movements” “Humans can no longer afford to deteriorate the environment and let the carpet slip below their feet”
Presents case studies analysing instrument mixes applied in OECD countries to address household waste, non-point sources of water pollution in agriculture, residential energy efficiency, regional air pollution and emissions to air of mercury.
This first comprehensive review of airborne measurement principles covers all atmospheric components and surface parameters. It describes the common techniques to characterize aerosol particles and cloud/precipitation elements, while also explaining radiation quantities and pertinent hyperspectral and active remote sensing measurement techniques along the way. As a result, the major principles of operation are introduced and exemplified using specific instruments, treating both classic and emerging measurement techniques. The two editors head an international community of eminent scientists, all of them accepted and experienced specialists in their field, who help readers to understand specific problems related to airborne research, such as immanent uncertainties and limitations. They also provide guidance on the suitability of instruments to measure certain parameters and to select the correct type of device. While primarily intended for climate, geophysical and atmospheric researchers, its relevance to solar system objects makes this work equally appealing to astronomers studying atmospheres of solar system bodies with telescopes and space probes.
