The United States is among the wealthiest nations in the world, but it is far from the healthiest. Although life expectancy and survival rates in the United States have improved dramatically over the past century, Americans live shorter lives and experience more injuries and illnesses than people in other high-income countries. The U.S. health disadvantage cannot be attributed solely to the adverse health status of racial or ethnic minorities or poor people: even highly advantaged Americans are in worse health than their counterparts in other, "peer" countries. In light of the new and growing evidence about the U.S. health disadvantage, the National Institutes of Health asked the National Research Council (NRC) and the Institute of Medicine (IOM) to convene a panel of experts to study the issue. The Panel on Understanding Cross-National Health Differences Among High-Income Countries examined whether the U.S. health disadvantage exists across the life span, considered potential explanations, and assessed the larger implications of the findings. U.S. Health in International Perspective presents detailed evidence on the issue, explores the possible explanations for the shorter and less healthy lives of Americans than those of people in comparable countries, and recommends actions by both government and nongovernment agencies and organizations to address the U.S. health disadvantage.
The broad foundation of this book is laid on the conceptual discussions on consumer theories and applied arguments on shifts in consumer behavior. This book develops knowledge and skills on building market-centric and competition-oriented models. Discussions in the book illustrate strategies for managing competitive market interventions through advanced marketing-mix elements across nine chapters. Various perspectives on innovation and technology for expanding and establishing business in competitive markets are critically reviewed in these chapters. This book examines advanced marketing-mix and several consumer-centric strategies to co-create new businesses in new markets by associating consumers.
As in many other sectors, in agribusiness major changes are taking place. On the demand side, consumers are changing lifestyles, eating and shopping habits, and increasingly are demanding more accommodation of these needs in the supermarket. With regard to the supply: the traditional distribution channel dominators - manufacturers of branded consumer products - are trying hard to defend their positions against retailers, who gather and use information about the consumer to streamline their enterprises and strengthen their ties with the consumer. The agricultural producers, meanwhile, face increased regulations with regard to food additives, pesticides, and herbicides. Pressures rise as their business becomes more specialized and capital-intensive than that of their predecessors. Finally, the larger political climate is not so favorable to agriculture, which now has to compete in the global market without significant government support. This title describes and interprets changes in the domain of agriculture and food. The contributors develop the theme of taking an interdisciplinary approach to coping with these changes, using concepts and methods developed in general marketing, which are adapted so as to apply to the particular characteristics of the food and agriculture sector. This book is published to honor the distinguished career of Professor Mathew T.G. Meulenberg from Wageningen Agricultural University, on the occasion of his retirement in September 1996. As a scientist, teacher, and advisor to the agribusiness and the government, Professor Meulenberg has made an important contribution to the development of marketing, inside and outside the domain of agriculture.
At its most fundamental level, marketing is about influencing the decision making and behavior of customers. Profitable businesses are built on an understanding of their customers and the creation and delivery of products and services that meet the needs of these customers. This book is intended to provide a quick, highly accessible introduction to key issues and concepts necessary for understanding market demand, designing successful products and services, and for creating effective marketing programs. The focus of the book is on information likely to be most useful to a practicing manager rather than the student or scholar who is seeking a deep understanding of consumer behavior. For this reason, the book includes “points to ponder” that link basic concepts to marketing practice. The final chapters of the book also point the reader to a variety of additional resources for learning more about consumer behavior in general and consumers in specific markets.
Green purchase behavior refers to consumers purchasing green products that are environmentally friendly, using fewer resources, and causing lower environmental impact and risk. As a growing number of people start to recognize the importance of individual responsibility for environmental protection, firms are increasingly motivated to develop green products to fit the needs of this green advocation. Despite an emerging number of consumers claiming their preference towards green brands compared to traditional alternatives, researchers have found that there is a huge gap between consumers’ purchase intention and actual behavior, which has gained much attention. The psychological process of green purchase behavior may be a complicated process influenced by various factors, such as consumer values and norms, the pros and cons marketed for green products, and various other situational factors. Scholars are calling for research that explores the psychological decision-making process of green purchase behavior from both theoretical and practical perspectives. Due to the high pricing of green products, the trade-off between the price and function of green products may lower consumers’ satisfaction. Thus, there is always a gap between green purchase intention and actual purchase behavior. What determines consumers’ actual green purchase behavior? Under what conditions, will the consumers pay a premium price for green products? What prompts consumers to choose green brands over traditional alternatives? Will green consumption be a passing trend or a long-term consumption habit? What influences the frequency of consumers’ green purchasing? Scholars are welcome to share their opinions and findings about green purchase behavior to help explore this research topic. We are extremely interested in the determinants of green purchase behavior and the mechanism of facilitating green consumption considering different perspectives.
They thrive on challenging work and creative expression, love freedom and flexibility, and hate micromanagement. They are fiercely loyal to managers that are knowledgeable, caring coaches that can mentor them to achieve their goals. What does Gen Y expect from you? Ongoing research indicates that the fourteenth generation has expectations of their bosses such as: Provide challenging work that matters Balance clearly delegated assignments with the freedom and flexibility to produce results in their own way Reward accomplishments with increased responsibility Provide ongoing training and learning opportunities Establish mentoring relationships Managing Genertion Y is for those who want to become the employer of choice for the next cohort of young adults. Discover the Gen Y traits that pose the greatest challenges to managers as well as the best practices you can implement now to keep these upbeat, techno-savvy workers focused and motivated.
With the growing number, complexity, and importance of environmental problems come demands to include a full range of intellectual disciplines and scholarly traditions to help define and eventually manage such problems more effectively. Decision Making for the Environment: Social and Behavioral Science Research Priorities is the result of a 2-year effort by 12 social and behavioral scientists, scholars, and practitioners. The report sets research priorities for the social and behavioral sciences as they relate to several different kinds of environmental problems.
Why social and physical environmental factors have close relationship to influence economic growth I shall indicate reasons to explain why social and physical environmental factors have close relationship to influence economic growth, even human health of quality of life. The social and economic burdens of poor education, lack of affordable housing and less than self sufficient income affect, not just those individuals and families who have the fewest resources. The social gradient means that not only do whose in the bottom worse health outcomes to bottom of income group and the top income group whose will have poor quality of life influence. The higher rates of disease and disability and lesser productivity among many communities means a higher public and private burden of life years, particularly life expectancy once one reaches age 65. In recent decades, research and has increasingly shown how powerfully social and economic conditions determine population health and differences in health among subgroups, much more so than medical care. It seems that environmental factor can influence human's quality of life. Los Angeles Country Department Of public Health (2016) indicated a country health rankings model, this department explained these three health factors can cause this health outcomes. These health factors include health behaviors (30%), it includes tobacco use, diet and exercise, alcohol use, unsafe sex; clinical care (20%), it includes access to care, quality of care; social and economic factors (40%), it includes education, employment, income, family and social support, community safety; physical environmental factor (10%) , includes natural environmental quality, built environmental quality. Then these factors can cause this health outcomes, such as morality ( length of life):50% and morbidity (quality of life) :50%. SO, it implies that physical environmental factor can influence human's length of life. So, on our social environmental problems result is from a complex interplay of a number of forces. An individual's health -related behaviors , particularly diet, exercise and smoking, surrounding physical environment and health care ( both access and quality) all contribute significantly to how long and how well human love. However , none of these factors is as important to population health as are the social and economic environments in which human live, learn, work and play. We refer to these factors can be as the social determinants of health to influence our quality of life. How do social determinants affect our quality of life? In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, public health concentrated particularly on the physical environment. Improvements in, for example, clean water supplies, healthier housing, sanitation, workplace safety and safe food lead to sharp increases in average life expectancy . Also our quality of life needed to be concentrated on expanded access to medical care, resulting in further expansion. So, the poverty tap is now characterized by those elements, such as low levels of : (i) environmental quality, (ii) life expectancy and (iii) human capital.
