Synthesizes the empirical literature on organizationalstructuring to answer the question of how organizations structure themselves --how they resolve needed coordination and division of labor. Organizationalstructuring is defined as the sum total of the ways in which an organizationdivides and coordinates its labor into distinct tasks. Further analysis of theresearch literature is neededin order to builda conceptualframework that will fill in the significant gap left by not connecting adescription of structure to its context: how an organization actuallyfunctions. The results of the synthesis are five basic configurations (the SimpleStructure, the Machine Bureaucracy, the Professional Bureaucracy, theDivisionalized Form, and the Adhocracy) that serve as the fundamental elementsof structure in an organization. Five basic parts of the contemporaryorganization (the operating core, the strategic apex, the middle line, thetechnostructure, and the support staff), and five theories of how it functions(i.e., as a system characterized by formal authority, regulated flows, informalcommunication, work constellations, and ad hoc decision processes) aretheorized. Organizations function in complex and varying ways, due to differing flows -including flows of authority, work material, information, and decisionprocesses. These flows depend on the age, size, and environment of theorganization; additionally, technology plays a key role because of itsimportance in structuring the operating core. Finally, design parameters aredescribed - based on the above five basic parts and five theories - that areused as a means of coordination and division of labor in designingorganizational structures, in order to establish stable patterns of behavior.(CJC).
The University of Göttingen possesses within its research and teaching collections, exhibitions and diverse range of gardens, unique museum holdings in an exceptionally wide range of knowledge domains. Among these are many objects and convolutes of outstanding significance worldwide. These notable holdings have always played an important role in student life and the academic work pursued at Göttingen University, as well as in university members’ training and research activities. The beginnings of the collections date back to a time well before the founding of the university itself in 1737. Initially existing in isolation as the Naturalien Cammer (Cabinet of Natural Curiosities), botanical collection, numismatic collection or model collection, in 1773 several of them were brought together in terms of space and content as the Königliches Academisches Museum (Royal Academic Museum) and extended considerably. Some of the collections continued to exist into the early 20th century as the Naturhistorisches Museum (Natural History Museum), but ultimately, in the late 1920s and early ’30s at the latest, they were transferred to separate institutes and have since been maintained separately. Many of the collections play an important role in the university’s research and teaching, as for a large number of subject areas material objects are indispensable for didactical, investigative and learning processes. The relevance of other collections, however, lies above all in their contribution to the history of science and knowledge, vividly bringing to life and illustrating archive and book holdings also held by the university. This rich heritage gives the University of Göttingen special opportunities, but it also brings obligations. The collections and gardens should be accessible for use in the research context, preserved for future generations, and also remain available for university teaching. This necessarily involves the responsible supervision and care of holdings by curators or, in the case of smaller collections, by members of the university taking on responsibility for them in a part-time capacity. In presenting this Collections Guide, the University of Göttingen would like to inform its staff, students and the general public from near and far about its rich and diverse museums holdings from the areas of art, cultural history, archaeology, ethnography and ethnology, cultural anthropology, medicine, the natural sciences and mathematics, and warmly invites guests to visit them. Mike Reich
The clock is relentlessly ticking! Our world teeters on a knife-edge between a peaceful and prosperous future for all, and a dark winter of death and destruction that threatens to smother the light of civilization. Within 30 years, in the 2030 decade, six powerful 'drivers' will converge with unprecedented force in a statistical spike that could tear humanity apart and plunge the world into a new Dark Age. Depleted fuel supplies, massive population growth, poverty, global climate change, famine, growing water shortages and international lawlessness are on a crash course with potentially catastrophic consequences. In the face of both doomsaying and denial over the state of our world, Colin Mason cuts through the rhetoric and reams of conflicting data to muster the evidence to illustrate a broad picture of the world as it is, and our possible futures. Ultimately his message is clear; we must act decisively, collectively and immediately to alter the trajectory of humanity away from catastrophe. Offering over 100 priorities for immediate action, The 2030 Spike serves as a guidebook for humanity through the treacherous minefields and wastelands ahead to a bright, peaceful and prosperous future in which all humans have the opportunity to thrive and build a better civilization. This book is powerful and essential reading for all people concerned with the future of humanity and planet earth.
What is the role of a library when users can obtain information from any location? And what does this role change mean for the creation and design of library space? Six authors an architect, four librarians, and a professor of art history and classics explore these questions this report. The authors challenge the reader to think about new potential for the place we call the library and underscore the growing importance of the library as a place for teaching, learning, and research in the digital age.