Ocean currents were measured in the central northeast Pacific, from 30 degrees N to 40 degrees N and 140 degrees W to 150 degrees W, with nine arrays of moored current meters during autumn 1973. Current meter records at depths from 700 m to 5420 m were analyzed to determine the characteristics of intermediate and deep currents within the central northeast Pacific. The currents in this region have very low speeds which generally decrease with increasing depth. Contributions to the time-dependent currents are primarily from oscillatory motions at the local inertial frequencies and the semidiurnal tidal frequency. Spectral analysis indicates that tidal frequency motion is essentially due to baroclinic internal tides and not barotropic surface tides.
The Book Was Organized In The Presented Way To Avoid Unnecessary Repetitions And Particularly Not To Be In Need Of Citing Facts Of Chapters Ahead. This Approach Proved To Be Applicable From The Didactic Standpoint And It Allows A High Density Of Information Without Sacrificing The Easy Access To It. This Way The Level Of Presentation Gets Gradually More And More Demanding Finally Satisfying The Needs Of B.Sc. Students To Make Them Fit For Measurements.Problems Derived From Practice Are Integrated Parts Within The Sequence Ofpresentation. This Approach Is Of Engineering Nature Rather Than To Present Separate Tutorials.According To The State Of The Art Analog And Digital Instruments Are Equally Important. Quite Often They Are Combined In Measurement Apparatus. So They Should Have Equal Weights. The Practical Background Which Is Carefully Underlaid Throughout Is Paid Credit To By Combining Both Techniques.Even Sophisticated Equipment May Be Made Up Including Sensors For Non-Electrical Quantities. Their Output Voltages Or Currents May Be Transformed, Transferred, Or Otherwise Be Subjected To Certain Operations. This Means At The Same Time To Design Or To Select Special Transducers Or To Place Them Properly Into A Measurement System. To Meet The Challenge Which Derives From Practice Is A Major Goal For The Elaborated Methodology Of The Book Which Also Tries To Satisfy Common Academic Needs Of Other Fields Within The Scope Of Technical Sciences.
Measuring Ocean Currents: Tools, Technologies, and Data covers all major aspects of ocean current measurements in view of the implications of ocean currents on changing climate, increasing pollution levels, and offshore engineering activities. Although more than 70% of the Earth is covered by ocean, there is limited information on the countless fine- to large-scale water motions taking place within them. This book fills that information gap as the first work that summarizes the state-of-the-art methods and instruments used for surface, subsurface, and abyssal ocean current measurements. Readers of this book will find a wealth of information on Lagrangian measurements, horizontal mapping, imaging, Eulerian measurements, and vertical profiling techniques. In addition, the book describes modern technologies for remote measurement of ocean currents and their signatures, including HF Doppler radar systems, satellite-borne sensors, ocean acoustic tomography, and more. Crucial aspects of ocean currents are described in detail as well, including dispersion of effluents discharged into the sea and transport of beneficial materials—as well as environmentally hazardous materials—from one region to another. The book highlights several important practical applications, showing how measurements relate to climate change and pollution levels, how they affect coastal and offshore engineering activities, and how they can aid in tsunami detection. Coverage of measurement, mapping and profiling techniques Descriptions of technologies for remote measurement of ocean currents and their signatures Reviews crucial aspects of ocean currents, including special emphasis on the planet-spanning thermohaline circulation, known as the ocean's "conveyor belt," and its crucial role in climate change
Measurement is the process of obtaining the magnitude of a quantity relative to an agreed standard. Electronic measurement, which is the subject of this book, is the measurement of electronic quantities like voltage, current, resistance, inductance, and capacitance, to name a few. This book provides practical information concerning the techniques in electronic measurements and knowledge on how to use the electronic measuring instruments appropriately. The book is composed of five chapters. Chapter 1 focuses on digital multimeters. You will learn how to use it for measurement of AC/DC voltages/currents, resistance, connection test, and diode forward voltage drop test. Chapter 2 focuses on power supplies. Although power supplies are not a measurement device, they have an undeniable role in many measurements. So, being able to use power supplies correctly is quite important. Chapter 3 focuses on function generators. Like the power supplies, the function generators are not a measurement device in the first look. However, they play a very important role in many electronic measurements. So, being able to use a function generator correctly is an important skill any technician or engineer needs. Chapter 4 focuses on oscilloscopes. These days, digital oscilloscopes are the most commonly used tool in both industry and university. Because of this, this chapter focuses on digital oscilloscopes not on the analog ones which are almost obsolete. Chapter 5 focuses on drawing graph of data you obtained from your measurement. Visualization of data is very important in practical works. This chapter show how you can use MATLAB® for drawing the graph of your measurements. This book could be used a laboratory supplement for students of electrical/mechanical/mechatronics engineering, for technicians in the field of electrical/electronics engineering, and for anyone who is interested to make electronic circuits.
In this edition, the book has been completely updated by adding new topics in various chapters. Besides this, two new chapters namely : "Microprocessors and Microcontrollers" (Chapter-13) and "Universities Questions (Latest) with Solutions" (Chapter-14) have been added to make the book still more useful to the readers.
