Crystal Oscillator Design and Temperature Compensation
Crystal Oscillator Design and Temperature Compensation

Author: Marvin Frerking

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2012-12-06

Total Pages: 252

ISBN-13: 9401160562

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Crystal oscillators have been in use now for well over SO years-one of the first was built by W. G. Cady in 1921. Today, millions of them are made every year, covering a range of frequencies from a few Kilohertz to several hundred Mega hertz and a range of stabilities from a fraction of one percent to a few parts in ten to the thirteenth, with most of them, by far, still in the range of several tens of parts per million.Their major application has long been the stabilization of fre quencies in transmitters and receivers, and indeed, the utilization of the frequency spectrum would be in utter chaos, and the communication systems as we know them today unthinkable,'without crystal oscillators. With the need to accommodate ever increasing numbers of users in a limited spectrum space, this traditional application will continue to grow for the fore seeable future, and ever tighter tolerances will have to be met by an ever larger percentage of these devices.

Design and Development of Frequency Temperature Compensated Quartz Crystal Oscillator 0-1227 ()/u
Design and Development of Frequency Temperature Compensated Quartz Crystal Oscillator 0-1227 ()/u

Author: C. D. DOMINQUEZ

Publisher:

Published: 1965

Total Pages: 87

ISBN-13:

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The need for ovenless quartz crystal oscillators having a deviation less than plus or minus 0.75 parts per million from an absolute frequency over all service conditions, including crystal aging, has been evident for modern communications systems. Knowledge derived from studies on frequecy temperature compensation techniques indicated the feasibility of developing compensated oscillators providing a reduction in both required input power and size over conventional oscillator-oven assemblies. The object of Phase I of this program was to design and fabricate seven exploratory development oscillator models employing such compensation techniques to achieve a frequency stability of less than plus or minus 0.5 ppm over the temperature range of -40C to +65C. This effort was reported in the Phase I Interim Report under this contract. After evaluation of these exploratory models, 18 advanced models were designed and fabricated under Phase II of this program with the same stability over 140C to +75C. This report covers the effort expended and the results obtained during Phase II of this program. The discussion in this report is related to (1) description and test of the Phase II oscillators, (2) design considerations in formulation of Phase II design, (3) component standardization, and (4) overall conclusions and recommendations for this program. (Author).

Frequency Temperature Compensation Techniques for Quartz Crystal Oscillators
Frequency Temperature Compensation Techniques for Quartz Crystal Oscillators

Author:

Publisher:

Published: 1966

Total Pages: 61

ISBN-13:

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This work involves development of circuit techniques for the frequency temperature compensation of three quartz crystal oscillator groups. Development of a linearized network approach has led to the generation of three separate computer programs. The three programs offer varying degrees of compensation, based on increasing circuit complexity. Successful application of these programs has been made in compensating the Group II oscillators. In conjunction with the programming effort, a preliminary investigation has been made to determine the effects of component tolerances on compensation. The Group II oscillator design was refined, and the improved features were incorporated in the final assembly of the oscillators. Circuit function and performance details are included in this report. First order compensation of these three oscillators indicates that the desired stability characteristics will be achieved. The oscillator aging experiment was initiated using eight oscillators housed in a stabilized-temperature enclosure. Compensation of these oscillators will be made as soon as initial aging trends are determined. Frequency adjustment studies were continued and resulted in a trimming method utilized which provides minimal effect on the degree of compensation.

An Improved Method of Temperature Compensation of Crystal Oscillators
An Improved Method of Temperature Compensation of Crystal Oscillators

Author: J. S. Wilson

Publisher:

Published: 1983

Total Pages: 6

ISBN-13:

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A new method of temperature compensation of crystal oscillators has been developed. It is primarily intended for AT-cut crystal oscillators and offers advantages of higher stability, lower power consumption and smaller size compared with oscillators in current production. Compensation is achieved by generating a power series representation of the control voltage for a voltage controlled crystal oscillator. A bipolar integrated circuit has been designed which generates four voltages, each varying as a function of temperature. One voltage is constant while the others have a linear, quadratic and cubic variation with temperature. These voltages are similar in shape to the first four Chebyshev polynomials and the compensation voltage is obtained by summing the voltages in an operational amplifier. Prototype oscillators have been assembled which have a frequency tolerance of less than + or - 1ppm over the temperature band 85 deg C to -40 deg C. The current consumption of these oscillators is 1mA. (Author).

Design and Development of Frequency Temperature Compensated Quartz Crystal Oscillators, Phase i
Design and Development of Frequency Temperature Compensated Quartz Crystal Oscillators, Phase i

Author: Richard H. Bangert

Publisher:

Published: 1965

Total Pages: 96

ISBN-13:

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The need for ovenless quartz crystal oscillators having a deviation less than = 0.75 parts per million from an absolute frequency over all service conditions, including crystal aging, has become evident for modern communications systems. Current knowledge derived from studies on frequency temperature compensation techniques indicate the feasibility of combating the difficulties associated with frequency compensated oscillators to produce a reduction in both power and size over conventional oscillatoroven assemblies. The object of Phase I of this program is to design and fabricate seven exploratory development oscillator models operating at 3 mc and employing such compensation techniques to achieve a stability requirement of less than = 0.5 ppm over the temperature range of -40C to +65C. After evaluation of these exploratory models, eighteen advanced models incorporating the revisions required will be fabricated under Phase II of this program. This report covers only the effort expended in Phase I of this program. The significant problem areas were related to (1) development of a voltage regulator with good regulation throughout the temperature range, (2) evolution of a standard compensation network, (3) limitations in the state-of-the-art of crystal technology, (4) low power input requirement of 65 milliwatts, and (5) development of a constant gain amplifier using high tolerance components. (Author).

A New Frequency Temperature Compensation Method for Oscillators
A New Frequency Temperature Compensation Method for Oscillators

Author: T. Kudo

Publisher:

Published: 1983

Total Pages: 6

ISBN-13:

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This paper describes a new frequency temperature compensation method for crystal oscillators. The method is applicable to resonators with second order or third order frequency temperature characteristics. Hence, an oscillator with an AT cut, a BT cut crystal unit or a surface acoustic wave resonator (SAWR) can be efficiently compensated. A conventional temperature compensated crystal oscillator (TCXO) uses an expensive variable capacitance diode (varactor) with good linearity as well as many thermistors. Considerable efforts have been devoted to developing a new reactance circuit to replace the varactor. It was found that a series circuit, involving a capacitor and a silicon diode, has the same characteristics as a varactor, and its linearity could be easily adjusted. In the case of an AT cut crystal unit with third order frequency temperature characteristics, compensation over a wide temperature range can be achieved by using two series circuits.

Research Work for Frequency Temperature Compensation Techniques for Quartz Crystal Oscillators
Research Work for Frequency Temperature Compensation Techniques for Quartz Crystal Oscillators

Author:

Publisher:

Published: 1964

Total Pages: 0

ISBN-13:

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The purpose of this project is to evolve a practical approach to the temperature compensation of quartz crystal oscillators. The study will be concentrated on a nominal frequency of five megacycles, but will be generally applicable to AT cut quartz crystals of from 1 to 20 megacycles. The use of graphical analysis for TCXO design is discussed. The results of this investigation show that a graphical analysis will not be useable for very accurate compensation because of resolution and parameters that cannot be taken into account with graphs. The techniques for determining compensation networks are discussed. A new technique is described where diodes are used in conjunction with thermistor-resistor networks. The 5 x 10 to the minus 8th power, Group III, TCXO's are discussed. Results of the first compensation attempts are given. The compensation networks and techniques used are presented. (Author).

Quartz Crystal Oscillator Circuits Design Handbook
Quartz Crystal Oscillator Circuits Design Handbook

Author: D. Firth

Publisher:

Published: 1965

Total Pages: 552

ISBN-13:

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The object of this handbook is to assemble a set of design methods for crystal oscillators in the frequency range of 1 KC to 200 MC with the aim of facilitating design, eliminating crystal unit misapplications, and reducing design costs. The handbook is not directed at the design of ultra-stable crystal oscillators, but rather at the non-temperature controlled, medium frequency stability oscillator commonly in use in many types of communications equipment. The handbook contains discussions of: (1) The electrical characteristics of crystal units, condition of usage, and methods of measurement. (2) Characteristics of tube and transistor amplifiers. (3) Characteristics of impedance transforming networks. (4) Detailed design information on series resonance and anti-resonance oscillators. (5) Design examples together with experimental evaluation data covering most of the 1 KC to 200 MC range. (Author).