Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania: Country Studies
Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania: Country Studies

Author: Walter Iwaskiw

Publisher: CreateSpace

Published: 2013-06-13

Total Pages: 334

ISBN-13: 9781490435572

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This volume is one in a continuing series of books prepared by the Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress. This volume is about Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania.

Coping with Emigration in Baltic and East European Countries
Coping with Emigration in Baltic and East European Countries

Author: OECD

Publisher: OECD Publishing

Published: 2013-12-13

Total Pages: 146

ISBN-13: 926420492X

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The Baltic countries have experienced sustained emigration over the past decade, contributing to population decline and a loss of working-age population. This book examines the impact of this emigration.

Defending Eastern Europe
Defending Eastern Europe

Author: Jacek Lubecki

Publisher: Manchester University Press

Published: 2021-08-24

Total Pages: 323

ISBN-13: 1526147556

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Following the passage of the fifteenth and twentieth anniversaries of the entry of many former communist states into both NATO and the EU in 2019, this book takes a comprehensive look at the changed security conditions of these new member states. How has NATO and EU membership improved their overall defence protection, and what elements are still missing for them on an individual state basis? Utilising alliance politics theory, convergence/divergence theory and defence policy theory, the book provides an invaluable assessment of defence policies, from the stable East Central European states to the most jeopardised Baltic states in the north of Europe. With chapters on the Cold War defence conditions during the last two decades of Soviet domination, post 1989–91 transformations in the direction of democracy and the impact of the 2014 Ukraine–Russia–Crimea crisis, this book is essential reading for those seeking to understand the changed landscape of European politics in the twenty-first century.

The Baltic States
The Baltic States

Author: Thomas Lane

Publisher: Routledge

Published: 2013-11-05

Total Pages: 708

ISBN-13: 113648311X

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Since the end of the Cold War there has been an increased interest in the Baltics. The Baltic States brings together three titles, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, to provide a comprehensive and analytical guide integrating history, political science, economic development and contemporary events into one account. Since gaining their independence, each country has developed at its own pace with its own agenda and facing its own obstacles. The authors examine the tensions accompanying a post-communist return to Europe after the long years of separation and how each country has responded to the demands of becoming a modern European state. Estonia was the first of the former Soviet republics to enter membership negotiations with the European Union in 1988 and is a potential candidate for the next round of EU expansion in 2004. Lithuania and Latvia have also expressed their desire for future membership of NATO and the EU.

Emigration and Its Economic Impact on Eastern Europe
Emigration and Its Economic Impact on Eastern Europe

Author: Mr.Ruben Atoyan

Publisher: International Monetary Fund

Published: 2016-07-20

Total Pages: 48

ISBN-13: 1498367453

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This paper analyses the impact of large and persistent emigration from Eastern European countries over the past 25 years on these countries’ growth and income convergence to advanced Europe. While emigration has likely benefited migrants themselves, the receiving countries and the EU as a whole, its impact on sending countries’ economies has been largely negative. The analysis suggests that labor outflows, particularly of skilled workers, lowered productivity growth, pushed up wages, and slowed growth and income convergence. At the same time, while remittance inflows supported financial deepening, consumption and investment in some countries, they also reduced incentives to work and led to exchange rate appreciations, eroding competiveness. The departure of the young also added to the fiscal pressures of already aging populations in Eastern Europe. The paper concludes with policy recommendations for sending countries to mitigate the negative impact of emigration on their economies, and the EU-wide initiatives that could support these efforts.