A history of currency explores its invention, how paying for objects has changed over time, and different types of coins and paper money from around the world.
Read Along or Enhanced eBook: What did people use to buy things before money was invented? Where is money made? Find out in this inviting book that informs readers about coins, paper money, the Federal Reserve, exchange rates, and checking accounts. Featuring a timeline of money's history, detailed photos, stimulating facts, clear, informational text, and a glossary that will assist in improving vocabulary, readers will be stimulated from cover to cover.
Today, most money is credit money, created by commercial banks. While credit can finance innovation, excessive credit can lead to boom/bust cycles, such as the recent financial crisis. This highlights how the organization of our monetary system is crucial to stability. One way to achieve this is by separating the unit of account from the medium of exchange and in pre-modern Europe, such a separation existed. This new volume examines this idea of monetary separation and this history of monetary arrangements in the North and Baltic Seas region, from the Hanseatic League onwards. This book provides a theoretical analysis of four historical cases in the Baltic and North Seas region, with a view to examining evolution of monetary arrangements from a new monetary economics perspective. Since the objective exhange value of money (its purchasing power), reflects subjective individual valuations of commodities, the author assesses these historical cases by means of exchange rates. Using theories from new monetary economics , the book explores how the units of account and their media of exchange evolved as social conventions, and offers new insight into the separation between the two. Through this exploration, it puts forward that money is a social institution, a clearing device for the settlement of accounts, and so the value of money, or a separate unit of account, ultimately results from the size of its network of users. The History of Money and Monetary Arrangements offers a highly original new insight into monetary arrangments as an evolutionary process. It will be of great interest to an international audience of scholars and students, including those with an interest in economic history, evolutionary economics and new monetary economics.
THOMAS M. WHALING Attorney at Law You will r emember Forest Gump's ability t o turn u p just i n time for the great events in history. Clyde Childress is not Forest Gump, but instead a driven, disciplined genius. Clyde Childress is both a Marine Aviation Warrior and business tycoon with a special gift for turning up just in time for events that made history. His life has been a thrill a minute and seems to grow more entertaining and exciting with time. An Outstanding read! JOE WADEL Colonel, USMCR, ret FORKS is an excellent book about the life adventures of a highly decorated Marine Corps o fficer. It candidly depicts difficult circumstances from Clydes early years that reveal his dreams and expectations; his early passion for flying as Virginia's youngest licensed pilot and his distinguished career as a Marine Corps aviator evident throughout his book. H is account of actual combat experiences are both captivating and spellbinding events that, few people will ever experience in a lifetime. It is a true miracle. TED KOOPMAN, CDR USN, ret Clyde O Childress, Major, USMC ret. is one of the most remarkable men I have ever met. He is a true and genuine Patriot who l oves America and has served gallantly in combat. Clydes patriotism continues with his on-going efforts to help veterans, especially those who have suffered in action. His story is one of the most remarkable I have ever read because of his unique ability to overcome obstacles that stop most people cold. Clyde is an inspiration to everyone who meets him. His 'never give up' attitude and willingness to go out of his way to help anyone proves that gallantry exists both in and out of combat. Major Childress' candid story also proves that the American Dream is alive and well, and "Forks" provides the reader a rare, personal glimpse into the life of a rare individual . PAUL GALANTI, CDR, USN ret. Commissioner, Dept of Veterans Affairs Commonweath of Virginia
Introduces students to both traditional economic views and their progressive critique. This book offers a discussion of economic history and the history of economic thought, including the ideas of Karl Marx, Thorstein Veblen, and John Maynard Keynes. It also includes pedagogical tools to encourage student participation and learning.
Because most people and their countries seek wealth and power, and because money and credit are the biggest single influence on how wealth and power rise and decline, if one does not seek knowledge of how money works, one cannot understand the biggest driver of politics within and between countries; hence one cannot understand how the world order works. If one doesn’t understand how the world order works, one can’t understand the post-pandemic debt tsunami that’s coming. I believe that the times ahead will be radically different from the times we have experienced so far in our lifetimes. It is indeed quite astonishing that money, ever-present in our lives, is so poorly understood; even by many economic experts themselves. This incomprehension stems from the deliberate efforts of the financial sector to “obscure its activities” in order to maintain its omnipotence. This book seeks to address this “crisis of ignorance” by providing an easily understood and comprehensive understanding of money in the hope of empowering people against finance’s grip over their lives and those of their society. The digital revolution post-pandemic, will lead to a radical departure from the traditional model of monetary exchange. The creation of a Digital Financial Market Infrastructure will underpin the unbundling and re-bundling of the functions of money within society. Although digital money itself is not new to modern economies, digital legal tender (DLT), which exists without any Ledger or Central Bank, will facilitate instantaneous peer-to-peer transfers of value in a way that today is impossible. The importance of digital connectedness, will often supersede the importance of macroeconomic links, and lead to the establishment of “Digital Financial Markets” linking the currency to membership of a particular financial market rather than to a specific country. Capitalism underpins wealth generation and hence the existence of a free digital financial market. This book seeks to transform Money into a digital currency, which supports a more equitable access to capital, and ensure its convertibility into a universal World Currency Unit as digital legal tender. Digital currencies without borders may also cause an upheaval of the international monetary system: countries that are socially or digitally integrated with their neighbours may face digital dollarization, and the prevalence of systemically important platforms could lead to the emergence of digital currency areas that transcend national borders. Digital legal tender, within a multiplicity of currencies, ensures that money as a public good, remains a relevant medium of exchange which achieves payment finality to all transactions. Additionally, the universal supranational-currency, the World Currency Unit is defined to support the global transfer of value between any two people on the planet today, without the need for any treaties, or financial service intermediaries. Universal access to capital which is readily convertible to globally trusted units of account combined with a censorship-resistant means of payment underpins global trade, will improve market access for holders of low per-unit value, producers, and consumers in developing and developed countries. The Vision is a Borderless Global Market, underpinning universal wealth creation, which never closes… This book defines the Universe of Discourse(domain) and hence creates a shared conceptual schema (or language) within which to communicate and deploy a Digital Currency, to achieve universal legal finality to all financial transactions.