Cachexia may well represent the flip side of the tremendous achievements of modern medicine. The aim of this volume, written by world-renowned scientists, is to provide the best available evidence on the pathogenesis, clinical features and therapeutic approach of cachexia, and to facilitate the understanding of the complex yet unequivocal clinical role of this syndrome, that truly represents a disease, or, more likely, a disease within other different diseases.
Man has always been curious about himself, a curiosity that began centuries ago with an examination of the soul, and that extended in the period of the Renaissance to his anatomy and certain functions such as the circulation of the blood. Chemical science entered the scene in the 18th century, and burst into prominence in the 19th century. As the various chemical elements were discovered, many were found to be present in body fluids and tissues. Organic compounds were recognized; it became known that body heat was produced by the combustion of food; chemical transformations such as the production of fat from carbohydrate were recognized; and in the 1850s it was determined that young animals differed from adults in certain aspects of body composition. As methods for chemical analysis evolved, they were applied to samples of body fluids and tissues, and it became apparent that life depended on chemical normality; and most importantly it was realized that given the necessary amount of food and water the body had the ability to maintain a degree of constancy of what Claude Bernard called the milieu interieur, in other words its interior chemical en vironment.
Intro -- Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Part I: Nutritional Care in Geriatrics -- 1: Overview of Nutrition Care in Geriatrics and Orthogeriatrics -- 1.1 Defining Malnutrition -- 1.2 Nutrition Care in Older Adults: A Complex and Necessary Challenge -- 1.3 Malnutrition: A Truly Wicked Problem -- 1.4 Building the Rationale for Integrated Nutrition Care -- 1.5 Managing the Wicked Nutrition Problems with a SIMPLE Approach (or Other Tailored Models) -- 1.5.1 Keep It SIMPLE When Appropriate -- 1.5.2 A SIMPLE Case Example -- 1.5.2.1 S-Screen for Malnutrition -- 1.5.2.2 I-Interdisciplinary Assessment -- 1.5.2.3 M-Make the Diagnosis (es) -- 1.5.2.4 P-Plan with the Older Adult -- 1.5.2.5 L-Implement Interventions -- 1.5.2.6 E-Evaluate Ongoing Care Requirements -- 1.6 Bringing It All Together: Integrated Nutrition Care Across the Four Pillars of (Ortho) Geriatric Care -- 1.7 Summary: Finishing Off with a List of New Questions -- References -- Recommended Reading -- 2: Nutritional Requirements in Geriatrics -- 2.1 Nutritional Recommendations for Older Adults, Geriatric and Orthogeriatric Patients -- 2.2 Nutritional Recommendations for Older Adults -- 2.2.1 Energy Requirement and Recommended Intake -- 2.2.2 Protein Requirement and Recommended Intake -- 2.2.3 Micronutrients and Dietary Fibers -- 2.3 Nutritional Risk Factors in Older Adults -- 2.4 Estimating Intake in Older Adults -- 2.5 Nutritional Status of Older Adults, Geriatric and Orthogeriatric Patients -- 2.6 Summary -- References -- Recommended Reading -- 3: Nutritional Assessment, Diagnosis, and Treatment in Geriatrics -- 3.1 The Nutrition Care Process -- 3.2 Nutritional Screening/Risk Detection -- 3.3 Nutritional Assessment and Diagnosis -- 3.3.1 Nutrition Impact Symptoms -- 3.3.2 Nutritional Diagnosis -- 3.3.3 Etiologic Criteria.
The primary purpose of fitness and body composition standards in the U.S. Armed Forces has always been to select individuals best suited to the physical demands of military service, based on the assumption that proper body weight and composition supports good health, physical fitness, and appropriate military appearance. The current epidemic of overweight and obesity in the United States affects the military services. The pool of available recruits is reduced because of failure to meet body composition standards for entry into the services and a high percentage of individuals exceeding military weight-for-height standards at the time of entry into the service leave the military before completing their term of enlistment. To aid in developing strategies for prevention and remediation of overweight in military personnel, the U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command requested the Committee on Military Nutrition Research to review the scientific evidence for: factors that influence body weight, optimal components of a weight loss and weight maintenance program, and the role of gender, age, and ethnicity in weight management.
Does a longer life mean a healthier life? The number of adults over 65 in the United States is growing, but many may not be aware that they are at greater risk from foodborne diseases and their nutritional needs change as they age. The IOM's Food Forum held a workshop October 29-30, 2009, to discuss food safety and nutrition concerns for older adults.
Designed to help in the understanding of the causes & course of disability in older women. Offers an excellent overview of diseases & disability & their impact on older women. Covers: adaptation to disability, physical performance measures, the daily lives of disabled older women, utilization of health services, mental health & general well-being, pulmonary diseases & conditions, musculoskeletal disease, neurological conditions, vision & hearing, medication use, instrumental & emotional support, adaptation to disability, & much more.
It is a commonly held belief that athletes, particularly body builders, have greater requirements for dietary protein than sedentary individuals. However, the evidence in support of this contention is controversial. This book is the latest in a series of publications designed to inform both civilian and military scientists and personnel about issues related to nutrition and military service. Among the many other stressors they experience, soldiers face unique nutritional demands during combat. Of particular concern is the role that dietary protein might play in controlling muscle mass and strength, response to injury and infection, and cognitive performance. The first part of the book contains the committee's summary of the workshop, responses to the Army's questions, conclusions, and recommendations. The remainder of the book contains papers contributed by speakers at the workshop on such topics as, the effects of aging and hormones on regulation of muscle mass and function, alterations in protein metabolism due to the stress of injury or infection, the role of individual amino acids, the components of proteins, as neurotransmitters, hormones, and modulators of various physiological processes, and the efficacy and safety considerations associated with dietary supplements aimed at enhancing performance.
The 2nd edition of Human Body Composition includes updated information and new chapters. The editors and 35 contributors are well respected researchers in the field of body composition science. This is one of few texts that provides comprehensive coverage of body composition research. The primary intent is to present current information on research methods. This book can serve as a textbook for those who are students or new researchers. Descriptions of various methods and background information are imparted in great detail with numerous references. New chapters address energy expenditure, animal body composition, molecular genetics and body composition as it relates to disease states of cancer, HIV, obesity and certain inflammatory diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, congestive heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. This book is recommended for students and new researchers in the field of body composition research who need to learn various methods, histories and practical applications--Publisher's description.
Conn's Handbook of Models for Human Aging, Second Edition, presents key aspects of biology, nutrition, factors affecting lifespan, methods of age determination, use in research and the disadvantages/advantages of use. Using a multidisciplinary approach, this updated edition is designed as the only comprehensive, current work that covers the diversity in aging models. Chapters on comparative models explore age-related diseases, including Alzheimer's, joint disease, cataracts, cancer and obesity. Also included are new tricks and approaches not available in primary publications. This must-have handbook is an indispensable resource for researchers interested in the mechanisms of aging, gerontologists, health professionals, allied health practitioners and students. - Combines both the methods of study for human aging and animal models - Provides a historical overview and discussion of model availability, key methods and ethical issues - Contains over 200 full color illustrations
This book surveys the entire field of body composition as it relates to performance. It includes a clear definition of terminology and a discussion of the various methods for measuring body composition. The authored papers represent a state-of-the-art review of this controversial field and address questions such as: What is a better measure of body compositionâ€"body fat or lean body mass? Does being overweight for one's height really affect performance? The book also addresses the issue of physical appearance as it relates to body fatness and performance. It includes an in-depth discussion of many of the topics of interest to those involved in sports medicine and exercise physiology.
