Biological DNA Sensor
Biological DNA Sensor

Author: Ken Ishii

Publisher: Academic Press

Published: 2013-10-30

Total Pages: 369

ISBN-13: 0124051685

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Biological DNA Sensor defines the meaning of DNA sensing pathways and demonstrates the importance of the innate immune responses induced by double stranded DNA (dsDNA) through its influencing functions in disease pathology and immune activity of adjuvants for vaccines. Though discussed in specific subsections of existing books, dsDNA and its immunogenic properties has never received the complete treatment given in this book. Biological DNA Sensor approaches the impact of dsDNA's immunogenicity on disease and vaccinology holistically. It paints a complete and concise picture on the topic so you can understand this area of study and make more informed choices for your respective research needs. Chapters are authored by researchers who are renowned for their research focus, ensuring that this book provides the most complete views on the topics. - Multi-authored by a distinguished panel of world-class experts - Ideal source of information for those wanting to learn about DNA sensing - Provides in-depth explanations of DNA sensing pathways and the innate immune system, bridging the gap between them

Nanopores
Nanopores

Author: Samir M. Iqbal

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2011-07-12

Total Pages: 377

ISBN-13: 1441982523

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Nanopores are nanometer scale holes formed naturally by proteins or cells, and can be used for a variety of applications, including sequencing DNA and detecting anthrax. They can be integrated into artificially constructed encapsulated cells of silicon wafers while allowing small molecules like oxygen, glucose and insulin to pass, while keeping out large system molecules. "Nanopores: Sensing and Fundamental Biological Interactions" examines the emerging research directions surrounding nanopores such as genome sequencing and early disease detection using biomarker identification. Covering the applications of nanopores in genetics, proteomics, drug discovery, early disease detection and detection of emerging environmental threats, it is a must-have book for biomedicalengineers and research scientists.

Biological DNA Sensor
Biological DNA Sensor

Author: Glen N. Barber

Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters

Published: 2013-10-30

Total Pages: 20

ISBN-13: 0128068760

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Invading microbes are detected by cellular sensors, the consequences of which result in the production of potent anti-pathogen proteins such as type I interferon (IFN) as well as other cytokines capable of stimulating the adaptive immune response. Examples comprise the RIG-I-like helicase (RLH) and the Toll-like receptor (TLR) families which recognize non-self-pathogen derived molecules (PAMPs) including bacterial lipopolysaccharides as well as nucleic acids. In addition, an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) associated transmembrane protein referred to as STING (for stimulator of interferon genes) was established as being essential for triggering the production of innate immune proteins in response to the sensing of cytosolic DNA. Such DNA can be ‘self’-DNA produced from necrotic or apoptotic cells, or the actual genomes of DNA pathogens that become exposed following infection. Moreover, while STING appears essential for controlling innate signaling events triggered by DNA microbes, chronic STING activation also appears to be responsible for certain inflammatory diseases manifested by ‘self’-DNA. Thus, understanding STING function may lead to the design of new compounds that may facilitate vaccine development or conversely that may provide new therapies for the treatment of inflammatory disease.

Biological DNA Sensor
Biological DNA Sensor

Author: Christophe J. Desmet

Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters

Published: 2013-10-30

Total Pages: 48

ISBN-13: 012806885X

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Aluminum-based adjuvants (alum) are among the oldest and most widely used vaccine adjuvants. After decades of largely empirical use, the last years have witnessed a flurry of studies aiming to decipher the immunological mechanisms of action of alum. Along with other hypotheses, recent reports support that alum induces the release by host cells of their own DNA at sites of injection. Extracellular self-DNA would in turn activate the innate immune system through known and yet to be identified innate immune pathways and in this way boost the adaptive response to vaccine antigens. This chapter discusses the evidence supporting the view of self-DNA as a damage-associated molecular pattern implicated in the adjuvant activity of alum, its possible links with other proposed mechanisms, as well as future directions in the area of the sensing of self-nucleic acids in the modulation of immunological responses to vaccines.

Biological DNA Sensor
Biological DNA Sensor

Author: Sivapriya Kailasan Vanaja

Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters

Published: 2013-10-30

Total Pages: 29

ISBN-13: 0128068752

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The innate immune response serves as the first line of defense against microbial infections by detecting pathogen-associated molecular patterns through germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors. Proteins of the PYHIN family have gained substantial research focus in recent years as central mediators of innate immune responses induced by cytosolic microbial DNA. Sensing of DNA by PYHINs typically leads to activation of inflammasomes and/or type I interferon responses that are crucial for host defense against invading pathogens. Certain members of the family are also involved in the development of autoimmune diseases as well as transcriptional regulation. Although the generation of knockout mice strains has unraveled the essential role of PYHIN proteins such as AIM2 in the development of antimicrobial innate immune responses, the exact biological role of several other PYHIN family members remains to be understood. This chapter reviews the important discoveries on PYHIN proteins and their role in microbial defense, autoimmunity and transcriptional regulation.

Biological DNA Sensor
Biological DNA Sensor

Author: Rebecca Schmidt

Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters

Published: 2013-10-30

Total Pages: 33

ISBN-13: 0128068868

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Cyclic dinucleotides (c-di-NMPs), such as c-di-GMP and c-di-AMP were first discovered in bacteria, where they play important roles as second messenger molecules that regulate bacterial cellular functions. In addition, these and other c-di-NMPs exert potent biological effects on mammalian cells, such as the inhibition of cancer cell proliferation, immune cell activation, and the triggering of type I interferon production. Here, we introduce the biology of c-di-NMPs in bacterial systems and review the current state of the literature on their biological effects in mammalian cells. Emphasis is placed on evaluating the evidence that c-di-NMPs have potent immune stimulatory effects on cultured mouse and human cells and can act as adjuvants and immune stimulants in animal models. In addition, we highlight areas where further experimentation could hasten the development of c-di-NMPs as adjuvants in potent and safe systemic and mucosal vaccines.

Biological DNA Sensor
Biological DNA Sensor

Author: Y.J. Shen

Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters

Published: 2013-10-30

Total Pages: 34

ISBN-13: 0128068825

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Toll-like receptors, NOD-like receptors and numerous intracellular sensors that detect nucleotides in the cytosol help to initiate immune responses to viral infections. Many of the cytosolic nucleotide sensors and their downstream mediators also play a role in RNA metabolism, DNA repair and cancer. Here we review the evidence that links cytosolic DNA sensors to processes that are activated in cancer cells.

Biological DNA Sensor
Biological DNA Sensor

Author: Choon Kit Tang

Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters

Published: 2013-10-30

Total Pages: 42

ISBN-13: 0128068744

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In this chapter, we reflect on our early understanding of the immunogenic properties of dsDNA and give a chronological account of the journey we have taken to discover the individual cellular DNA sensors which have played important roles in mediating DNA induced inflammation.

The Science and Applications of Synthetic and Systems Biology
The Science and Applications of Synthetic and Systems Biology

Author: Institute of Medicine

Publisher: National Academies Press

Published: 2011-12-30

Total Pages: 570

ISBN-13: 0309219396

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Many potential applications of synthetic and systems biology are relevant to the challenges associated with the detection, surveillance, and responses to emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. On March 14 and 15, 2011, the Institute of Medicine's (IOM's) Forum on Microbial Threats convened a public workshop in Washington, DC, to explore the current state of the science of synthetic biology, including its dependency on systems biology; discussed the different approaches that scientists are taking to engineer, or reengineer, biological systems; and discussed how the tools and approaches of synthetic and systems biology were being applied to mitigate the risks associated with emerging infectious diseases. The Science and Applications of Synthetic and Systems Biology is organized into sections as a topic-by-topic distillation of the presentations and discussions that took place at the workshop. Its purpose is to present information from relevant experience, to delineate a range of pivotal issues and their respective challenges, and to offer differing perspectives on the topic as discussed and described by the workshop participants. This report also includes a collection of individually authored papers and commentary.

Electrochemical DNA Biosensors
Electrochemical DNA Biosensors

Author: Mehmet Sengun Ozsoz

Publisher: CRC Press

Published: 2012-04-23

Total Pages: 568

ISBN-13: 9814241776

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This book focuses on the basic electrochemical applications of DNA in various areas, from basic principles to the most recent discoveries. The book comprises theoretical and experimental analysis of various properties of nucleic acids, research methods, and some promising applications. The topics discussed in the book include electrochemical detection of DNA hybridization based on latex/gold nanoparticle and nanotubes; nanomaterial-based electrochemical DNA detection; electrochemical detection of microorganism-based DNA biosensors; gold nanoparticle-based electrochemical DNA biosensors; electrochemical detection of the aptamer-target interaction; nanoparticle-induced catalysis for DNA biosensing; basic terms regarding electrochemical DNA (nucleic acids) biosensors; screen-printed electrodes for electrochemical DNA detection; application of field-effect transistors to label free electrical DNA biosensor arrays; and electrochemical detection of nucleic acids using branched DNA amplifiers.