Biogenesis of Antibiotic Substances
Biogenesis of Antibiotic Substances

Author: Zdenko Vanek

Publisher: Elsevier

Published: 2012-12-02

Total Pages: 327

ISBN-13: 0323155839

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Biogenesis of Antibiotic Substances covers the proceedings of a panel discussion on ""Basic Research and Practical Aspects of Antibiotic Production"" held during the Antibiotic Congress in Prague. This book is organized into 25 chapters that cover the regulating mechanisms of primary antibiotic metabolite biosynthesis. This text describes the relationship between secondary metabolite production and synthesis of cell matter or cell wall. The opening chapters describe the parasexual cycle and some of the ways in which the cycle may be used for strain improvement, as well as the applications of refined techniques of genetic recombination and the principles of biochemical genetics to the field of antibiotics. The next chapter deals with cultural and fermentative characteristics of A-type isolates obtained from progenitor and representative member strains of the Wisconsin Family of Strains of Penicillium chrysogenum. Considerable chapters are devoted to the metabolite biosynthesis, such as geodoxin and related compounds; secondary metabolism of penicillins, gibberellins, and griseofulvin in fungi; and tetracycline metabolites. The book goes on examining the stereochemical aspects of macrolide antibiotics. It also describes the biosynthetic pathways involving ring cleavage of carbocyclic compounds, as well as the biosynthesis of different peptide antibiotics and of actinomycins and its relationship to protein synthesis. The production of phenazines is also explained. Other chapters consider other metabolites, such as those that decarboxylate, the malonate, and the 3-nitropropionic acid. A discussion on the role of carbohydrates and phosphate in the biosynthesis of different types of antibiotics is included. Lastly, microbiological assay procedures for antibiotic research and influencing factors are presented.

Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance
Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance

Author: Jun Lin

Publisher: Frontiers Media SA

Published: 2015-06-01

Total Pages: 226

ISBN-13: 2889195260

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Antibiotics represent one of the most successful forms of therapy in medicine. But the efficiency of antibiotics is compromised by the growing number of antibiotic-resistant pathogens. Antibiotic resistance, which is implicated in elevated morbidity and mortality rates as well as in the increased treatment costs, is considered to be one of the major global public health threats (www.who.int/drugresistance/en/) and the magnitude of the problem recently prompted a number of international and national bodies to take actions to protect the public (http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/health_consumer/docs/road-map-amr_en.pdf: http://www.who.int/drugresistance/amr_global_action_plan/en/; http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/docs/carb_national_strategy.pdf). Understanding the mechanisms by which bacteria successfully defend themselves against the antibiotic assault represent the main theme of this eBook published as a Research Topic in Frontiers in Microbiology, section of Antimicrobials, Resistance, and Chemotherapy. The articles in the eBook update the reader on various aspects and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance. A better understanding of these mechanisms should facilitate the development of means to potentiate the efficacy and increase the lifespan of antibiotics while minimizing the emergence of antibiotic resistance among pathogens.

Antibiotics
Antibiotics

Author: Claudio O. Gualerzi

Publisher: John Wiley & Sons

Published: 2013-09-05

Total Pages: 549

ISBN-13: 3527659706

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Most of the antibiotics now in use have been discovered more or less by chance, and their mechanisms of action have only been elucidated after their discovery. To meet the medical need for next-generation antibiotics, a more rational approach to antibiotic development is clearly needed. Opening with a general introduction about antimicrobial drugs, their targets and the problem of antibiotic resistance, this reference systematically covers currently known antibiotic classes, their molecular mechanisms and the targets on which they act. Novel targets such as cell signaling networks, riboswitches and bacterial chaperones are covered here, alongside the latest information on the molecular mechanisms of current blockbuster antibiotics. With its broad overview of current and future antibacterial drug development, this unique reference is essential reading for anyone involved in the development and therapeutic application of novel antibiotics.

Antibiotic Discovery and Development
Antibiotic Discovery and Development

Author: Thomas J. Dougherty

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2011-12-18

Total Pages: 1119

ISBN-13: 1461414008

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This volume covers all aspects of the antibiotic discovery and development process through Phase II/III. The contributors, a group of highly experienced individuals in both academics and industry, include chapters on the need for new antibiotic compounds, strategies for screening for new antibiotics, sources of novel synthetic and natural antibiotics, discovery phases of lead development and optimization, and candidate compound nominations into development. Beyond discovery , the handbook will cover all of the studies to prepare for IND submission: Phase I (safety and dose ranging), progression to Phase II (efficacy), and Phase III (capturing desired initial indications). This book walks the reader through all aspects of the process, which has never been done before in a single reference. With the rise of antibiotic resistance and the increasing view that a crisis may be looming in infectious diseases, there are strong signs of renewed emphasis in antibiotic research. The purpose of the handbook is to offer a detailed overview of all aspects of the problem posed by antibiotic discovery and development.

Treating Infectious Diseases in a Microbial World
Treating Infectious Diseases in a Microbial World

Author: National Research Council

Publisher: National Academies Press

Published: 2006-01-03

Total Pages: 102

ISBN-13: 0309180686

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Humans coexist with millions of harmless microorganisms, but emerging diseases, resistance to antibiotics, and the threat of bioterrorism are forcing scientists to look for new ways to confront the microbes that do pose a danger. This report identifies innovative approaches to the development of antimicrobial drugs and vaccines based on a greater understanding of how the human immune system interacts with both good and bad microbes. The report concludes that the development of a single superdrug to fight all infectious agents is unrealistic.

Biology of Antibiotics
Biology of Antibiotics

Author: Hans Zähner

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2012-12-06

Total Pages: 154

ISBN-13: 1461393736

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This book is based on Hans Zahner's Biologie der Antibiotica, published in 1965. There is a vast literature on antibiotics, covering chemical, phar macological, and clinical aspects. We have made no attempt to cover this literature comprehensively. Our effort is directed toward discuss ing antibiotics as biological agents. They are substances produced by living cells, yet they are able to inhibit the growth of living cells - in many cases even the cells that produce them. We have taken this apparent biological paradox as our point of departure and have tried to look in this light at the production of antibiotics and at their mode of action. In a sense antibiotics are comparable to mutations. They are useful as tools in the study of metabolism by blocking specific reactions. At the same time their mode of origin and their effects on the organisms that produce them are interesting problems in their own right. We have tried to incorporate both aspects into our consider ations. This little book, designed for biology students and medical stu dents, provides them with a framework into which to fit more specialized and detailed information on antibiotics.

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Protocols
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Protocols

Author: Richard Schwalbe

Publisher: CRC Press

Published: 2007-05-22

Total Pages: 430

ISBN-13: 1420014498

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The clinical microbiology laboratory is often a sentinel for the detection of drug resistant strains of microorganisms. Standardized protocols require continual scrutiny to detect emerging phenotypic resistance patterns. The timely notification of clinicians with susceptibility results can initiate the alteration of antimicrobial chemotherapy and

Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
Antimicrobial Chemotherapy

Author: Roger Finch

Publisher: OUP Oxford

Published: 2012-01-05

Total Pages: 409

ISBN-13: 0191628654

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Antimicrobial agents are essential for the treatment of life-threatening infections and for managing the burden of minor infections in the community. In addition, they play a key role in organ and bone marrow transplantation, cancer chemotherapy, artificial joint and heart valve surgery. Unlike other classes of medicines, they are vulnerable to resistance from mutations in target microorganisms, and their adverse effects may extend to other patients (increased risk of cross-infection). As a consequence, there is a constant requirement for new agents, as well as practices that ensure the continued effective prescribing of licensed agents. Public awareness and concerns about drug resistant organisms has led to widespread publicity and political action in the UK, Europe and worldwide. The control of drug resistance and the implementation of good prescribing practice are now legal requirements in the UK as a result of the UK Health Act (2008). These fundamental changes underscore the need for a thorough understanding of the advantages and risks associated with specific antibiotic choices. This sixth edition of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy continues to be a valuable resource for undergraduates and graduates requiring a thorough grounding in the scientific basis and clinical application of these drugs. This new edition is updated to include the most recently licensed agents, notably in the treatment of viral infections including HIV/AIDS, and contains new guidance on prescribing practice and infection control practices that limit the development and spread of resistant organisms.

Penicillins and Cephalosporins
Penicillins and Cephalosporins

Author: Robert B. Morin

Publisher: Academic Press

Published: 2014-05-10

Total Pages: 594

ISBN-13: 1483277194

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Chemistry and Biology of ?-Lactam Antibiotics, Volume 1: Penicillins and Cephalosporins provides information pertinent to the study of antibiotics containing the ?-lactam moiety. This book discusses the occurrence of a group of ?-lactam antibiotics structurally related to cephalosporin C. Organized into five chapters, this volume begins with an overview of the mechanism of action of ?-lactam antibiotics that caused many microbiologists to develop screening tools for the detection of the ?-lactam moiety. This text then discusses the discovery of the nocardicins, the thienamycins, and olivanic acids. Other chapters provide a summary of the essential penicillin sulfoxide chemistry that gave rise to many compounds. This book discusses as well the ability of chemists to predict the level of biological activity of a compound from knowledge of its structure through theoretical and physicochemical studies. The final chapter deals with quantitative structure–activity relationships. This book is a valuable resource for microbiologists, chemists, and scientists.

Mechanism of Action of Antieukaryotic and Antiviral Compounds
Mechanism of Action of Antieukaryotic and Antiviral Compounds

Author: Fred E. Hahn

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2012-12-06

Total Pages: 484

ISBN-13: 3642464076

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When Antibiotics I was published in 1967, the teleological view was held by some that" antibiotics" were substances elaborated by certain microorgan isms for the purpose of competing with other microorganisms for survival in mixed ecological environments. However, not only had J. EHRLICH and his associates shown 15 years earlier that chloramphenicol was produced by Strepto myces venezuelae in cultures of sterilized soils but not in parallel cultures of the same soils which were not sterilized, but operationally, the search for anti cancer antibiotics was actively under way (Antibiotics I reporting on numerous such substances), although the concept of antibiosis could not logically justify such undertakings. This editor hesitates to accept the use of the term "antibiotic" for anti microbial agents of non microbiological origins which is sometimes encountered, but neither does he subscribe to the view that antibiotics are in some fundamental manner different from chemotherapeutic substances of other origins. Modes and mechanisms of action of chemotherapeutic compounds are not systematic functions of their origins nor of the taxonomical position of the target organisms. Consequently, in the selection of topics for Antibiotics III (published in 1975), synthetic drugs and natural products of higher plants (alkaloids) were represented, along with antibiotics in the strict sense of the definition. We now present Antibiotics V, for whose assembly the same selection criteria were applied as for Antibiotics Ill. The aggregate length of the contributions rendered it impractical to place the entire text between the covers of one book.