Approximate Hedging for Non Linear Transaction Costs on the Volume of Traded Assets

Approximate Hedging for Non Linear Transaction Costs on the Volume of Traded Assets

Author: Romuald Elie

Publisher:

Published: 2013

Total Pages: 37

ISBN-13:

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This paper is dedicated to the replication of a convex contingent claim h(S_1) in a financial market with frictions, due to deterministic order books or regulatory constraints. The corresponding transaction costs rewrite as a non linear function G of the volume of traded assets, with G'(0) > 0. For a stock with Black-Scholes mid-price dynamics, we exhibit an asymptotically convergent replicating portfolio, defined on a regular time grid with h^n trading dates. Up to a well chosen regularization hn of the payoff function, we first introduce the frictionless replicating portfolio of h^n(S^n_1), where Sn is a fictive stock with enlarged local volatility dynamics. In the market with frictions, a proper modification of this portfolio strategy provides a terminal wealth, which converges in probability to the claim of interest h(S_1), as n goes to infinity. In terms of order book shapes, the exhibited replicating strategy only depends on the size 2G'(0) of the bid-ask spread. The main innovation of the paper is the introduction of a 'Leland type' strategy for non-vanishing (non-linear) transaction costs on the volume of traded shares, instead of the commonly considered traded amount of money. This induces lots of technicalities, that we pass through using an innovative approach based on the Malliavin calculus representation of the Greeks.


Trading Volume, Asset Price and Flexible Transaction Cost

Trading Volume, Asset Price and Flexible Transaction Cost

Author: Hua Cheng

Publisher:

Published: 2005

Total Pages: 25

ISBN-13:

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We extend Blume, Easley and O'Hara (1994)'s model to a world with flexible transaction cost. We find out the non-linear equilibrium price and volume and show that trading volume provides to uninformed traders useful information on the asset fundamental which cannot be inferred from the equilibrium price. We further demonstrate how transaction cost influences trading volume and the equilibrium price in very different ways. While transaction cost always reduces trading volume, its influence decreases at the margin. The impact of transaction cost on the equilibrium price is much more complicated since its effects on the demand of informed and uninformed traders are inverse. Whether the equilibrium price with transaction cost is higher or lower than that without transction cost depends upon which effect dominates.


Noise Trading, Transaction Costs, and the Relationship of Stock Returns and Trading Volume

Noise Trading, Transaction Costs, and the Relationship of Stock Returns and Trading Volume

Author: Mr.Charles Frederick Kramer

Publisher: International Monetary Fund

Published: 1994-10-01

Total Pages: 36

ISBN-13: 1451854870

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The relationship of stock returns and trading volume is the focus of much recent interest. I examine an economic model of a rational trader who operates in a market with transactions costs and noise trading. The level of trading affects the rational trader’s marginal cost of transacting; as a result, trading volume is a source of risk. This engenders an equilibrium relationship between returns and volume. The model also provides a simple way to scrutinize this relationship empirically. Empirical evidence supports the implications of the model.


Approximate Hedging with Transaction Costs and Leland's Algorithm in Stochastic Volatility Markets

Approximate Hedging with Transaction Costs and Leland's Algorithm in Stochastic Volatility Markets

Author: Huu-Thai Nguyen

Publisher:

Published: 2014

Total Pages: 215

ISBN-13:

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This thesis studies the problem of approximate hedging with constant proportional transaction costs in stochastic volatility models in different situations, using a simpler form for adjusted volatility in the Leland's algorithm. We show that asymptotic properties of hedging error are the same to those in deterministic volatility models and the rate of convergence can be impoved by controlling the model parameter. These can be extended to the case where transaction costs are defined by a general rule. We also show that jumps appear in asset price and/or in stochastic volatility do not affect asymptotic property of hedging error. In the next part, we consider the problem of approximate hedging in the presence of liquidity risks suggested by Cetin, Jarrow and Protter, of which proportional transaction costs models are a particular case. We show that liquidity costs due to smooth supply surves can be ignored using Leland's increasing volatility principle. In the third part, we study the case where the option is written on multiple risky assets. We demonstrate that approximately complete replication can be reached for exchange options using the same parameter suggested by Leland, but it is far from being obvious for other kinds of exotic options. Finally, we propose a simple method to reduce the option price which clearly approaches to the super hedging price in Leland's algorithm. whenever the seller accepts to take a risk defined by a given significance level.


Implicit Transaction Costs and the Fundamental Theorems of Asset Pricing

Implicit Transaction Costs and the Fundamental Theorems of Asset Pricing

Author: Erindi Allaj

Publisher:

Published: 2017

Total Pages: 33

ISBN-13:

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This paper studies arbitrage pricing theory in financial markets with implicit transaction costs. We extend the existing theory to include the more realistic possibility that the price at which the investors trade is dependent on the traded volume. The investors in the market always buy at the ask and sell at the bid price. Implicit transaction costs are composed of two terms, one is able to capture the bid-ask spread, and the second the price impact. Moreover, a new definition of a self-financing portfolio is obtained. The self-financing condition suggests that continuous trading is possible, but is restricted to predictable trading strategies having càdlàg (right-continuous with left limits) and càdlàg (left-continuous with right limits) paths of bounded quadratic variation and of finitely many jumps. That is, càdlàg and càdlàg predictable trading strategies of infinite variation, with finitely many jumps and of finite quadratic variation are allowed in our setting. Restricting ourselves to càdlàg predictable trading strategies, we show that the existence of an equivalent probability measure is equivalent to the absence of arbitrage opportunities, so that the first fundamental theorem of asset pricing (FFTAP) holds. It is also shown that the use of continuous and bounded variation trading strategies can improve the efficiency of hedging in a market with implicit transaction costs. To better understand how to apply the theory proposed we provide an example of an implicit transaction cost economy that is linear and non-linear in the order size.


Trading Volume, Price Autocorrelation and Volatility Under Proportional Transaction Costs

Trading Volume, Price Autocorrelation and Volatility Under Proportional Transaction Costs

Author: Hua Cheng

Publisher:

Published: 2006

Total Pages: 40

ISBN-13:

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We develop a dynamic model in which traders have differential information about the true value of the risky asset and trade the risky asset with proportional transaction costs. We show that without additional assumption, trading volume can not totally remove the noise in the pricing equation. However, because trading volume increases in the absolute value of noisy per capita supply change, it provides useful information on the asset fundamental value which cannot be inferred from the equilibrium price.We further investigate the relation between trading volume, price autocorrelation, return volatility and proportional transaction costs. Firstly, trading volume decreases in proportional transaction costs and the influence of proportional transaction costs decreases at the margin. Secondly, price autocorrelation can be generated by proportional transaction costs: under no transaction costs, the equilibrium prices at date 1 and 2 are not correlated; however under proportional transaction costs, they are correlated - the higher (lower) the equilibrium price at date 1, the lower (higher) the equilibrium price at date 2. Thirdly, we show that return volatility may be increasing in proportional transaction costs, which is contrary to Stiglitz 1989, Summers amp; Summers 1989's reasoning but is consistent with Umlauf 1993 and Jones amp; Seguin 1997's empirical results.


Hedging Option Portfolios in the Presence of Transaction Costs

Hedging Option Portfolios in the Presence of Transaction Costs

Author: Paul Wilmott

Publisher:

Published: 2019

Total Pages:

ISBN-13:

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We derive a nonlinear parabolic partial differential equation for the value of portfolios of options in the presence of proportional transaction costs. This assumes a Leland world of transacting after each time interval, which is of fixed length. The equation reduces to the modified variance case described by Leland in the case of a single option. We demonstrate the nonlinear nature of option portfolios and give results for several simple combinations of options.


Approximate Hedging in a Local Volatility Model with Proportional Transaction Costs

Approximate Hedging in a Local Volatility Model with Proportional Transaction Costs

Author: Emmanuel Lepinette

Publisher:

Published: 2013

Total Pages: 23

ISBN-13:

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Local volatility models are popular because they can be simply calibrated to the market of European options. For such models, we propose a modified Leland method which allows us to approximately replicate a European contingent claim when the market is under proportional transaction costs. The convergence of our scheme is shown by means of a new strategy of proof based on PDEs techniques allowing us to obtain appropriate Greeks estimations.


Noise Trading, Transaction Costs, and the Relationship of Stock Returns and Trading Volume

Noise Trading, Transaction Costs, and the Relationship of Stock Returns and Trading Volume

Author: Charles Kramer

Publisher:

Published: 1998

Total Pages:

ISBN-13:

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I examine an economic model of a rational trader who operates in a market with transactions costs and noise trading. The level of trading affects the rational trader's marginal cost of transacting; as a result, trading volume is a source of risk. This engenders an equilibrium relationship between returns and volume. The model also provides a simple way to scrutinize this relationship empirically. Empirical evidence supports the implications of the model.


Multi-Period Trading Via Convex Optimization

Multi-Period Trading Via Convex Optimization

Author: Stephen Boyd

Publisher:

Published: 2017-07-28

Total Pages: 92

ISBN-13: 9781680833287

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This monograph collects in one place the basic definitions, a careful description of the model, and discussion of how convex optimization can be used in multi-period trading, all in a common notation and framework.