Inframarginal analysis represents a methodology that extends marginalanalysis, using non-classical mathematical programming, in efforts toinvestigate corner solutions and indivisibilities. As such thisapproach has been used to reintroduce classical insights regarding thedivision of labor and economic organization to the mainstream ofeconomic inquiry.
This research monograph provides systematic and comprehensive materials for applying inframarginal analysis to study a wide range of economic phenomena. The analysis is based on a new overarching framework to resurrect the classical notion of division of labor and specialization, which is an essential source of increasing a nation''s wealth. The framework absorbs many classical and neo-classical insights in a general equilibrium analysis and explains many micro- and macro-phenomena. Many areas of the discipline that have been customarily treated as separate branches can now be analyzed systematically within this integrated framework. These include, for example, micro-economics; macro-economics; development economics; international economics; urban economics; growth theory; industrial organization; applications of game theory in economics; economics of property rights; economics of transaction costs; economics of institutions and contract; economics of organization; economics of states; managerial economics; theory of hierarchy; new theory of the firm; theory of money; theory of insurance; theory of network and reliability.
The core of classical economic analysis represented by William Petty and Adam Smith concentrated on the field of development economics. This classical footing of the study of development is different from the neoclassical perspective in two important respects: (a) it focuses on division of labor as the driving force of development, and (b) it emphasizes the role of the market (the “invisible hand”) in exploiting productivity gains that are derived from division of labor. However these aspects have received little attention in the body of literature that represents the modern field of development economics — which largely represents the neoclassical application of marginalism. A notable exception is research that utilizes inframarginal analysis of individuals' networking decisions in an attempt to formalize the classical mechanisms that drive division of labor. This book is a first attempt to collect relevant key contributions and is intended for active researchers in the field of development economics.
Study of the progressive division of labor is a burgeoning industry in economics in recent years. Classical authors, dating back as early as 500 BC, have made insightful analyses on the determinants and implications of the division of labor. Unfortunately these writings are rather scattered and not readily accessible. This important book aims to fill this void, serving as a valuable source of reference for scholars interested in the economics of specialization.The volume begins with the precursors of political economy including the ancient Greeks, medieval Islamic scholastics and mercantilists, continues with the classical political economists and the neoclassicists, and concludes with the Austrian economists such as Hayek in the 1940s. It covers major themes and perspectives about the division of labor that have ever emerged in the discipline of the economic science, including the economics of increasing returns to specialization, the twin ideas of division of labor and the extent of the market, the theory of the spontaneous market order, coordination in the factory system and large scale manufactures, knowledge and the division of mental labor, integration of analyses of specialization into the neoclassical framework, etc.
Bringing together diverse approaches to social simulation and research agendas, this book presents a unique collection of contributions from the First World Congress on Social Simulation, held in 2006 in Kyoto, Japan. The work emerged from the collaboration of the Pacific Asian Association for Agent-Based Approach in Social Systems Sciences, the North American Association for Computational Social and Organizational Science, and the European Social Simulation Association.
The harshness of the modern Communist regime has far exceeded that of all past despots, as the PRC’s founder Mao Zedong openly acknowledged: “What was Emperor Qin Shi Huang? He only buried 460 scholars, but we buried 46,000. During the suppression of counter-revolutionaries, didn’t we kill some counterrevolutionary intellectuals? I’ve discussed this with pro-democracy advocates: ‘You call us Qin Shi Huang as an insult, but we’ve surpassed Qin Shi Huang a hundred-fold.’ Some people curse us as dictators like Qin Shi Huang. We must categorically accept this as factually accurate. Unfortunately, you haven’t said enough and leave it to us to say the rest”. In fact, the number of writers killed under CPC rule far exceeds 46,000, and the number imprisoned is incalculable. This volume collects 64 cases occurring from 1947 to 2010, with one emblematic case for each year, but these represent just the tip of the iceberg. The CPC has officially acknowledged that 550,000 people were labeled “Rightists” from 1957 to 1959, mostly through various types of literary inquisition, making the 130-plus cases of the Qianlong period pale in comparison. This volume describes the cases of 12 “Rightist” victims – Sun Mingxun, Feng Xuefeng, Lin Xiling, Ding Ling, Ai Qing, Lin Zhao, Wang Ruowang, Wang Zaoshi, Chen Fengxiao, Yuan Changying, Nie Gannu and Liu Binyan, obviously only a minute proportion. In the single case of the “anti-Party” novel Liu Zhidan, more than 10,000 people were persecuted, the most wide-ranging literary inquisition in Chinese history. In the case of Wang Shenyou’s love letter, Wang ripped up the letter before sending it, but he was forced to rewrite it and was then executed for his “unspoken criticism”. A multitude of such cases demonstrates that literary inquisition has reached its fullest flowering under CPC rule.
CONTENTS No. 13 (Spring 2013) 3 Opening Speech for AwardCeremony(by Tienchi Martin-Liao) 5 Exposing Historical Truth (by Biao CHEN) 7 Awardee's Statementon Freedom to Write Award(by YANG Xianhui) 9 Acting with Documentation (by JIANG Danwen) 10 Speech by Presenter of Lin Zhao Memorial Award(by Sarah HOFFMAN) 12 Tenacity and Courage Regardless of Repeated Imprisonments (by Yu ZHANG) 14 Speech by Presenter of Liu Xiaobo Courage to Write Award (by Marian FRASER) 17 Awardee's Statementon Liu Xiaobo Courage to Write Award (by QIN Yongmin) 20 Closing Remarks for Award Ceremony (by Patrick Poon) 21 ICPCComments on Human Rights Concerning China’s Universal Periodic Review 22 No. 14 (Summer 2013) 25 Sixty-four Years of Literary Inquisition Surpasses Two Millennia. 27 Wang Shiwei Dismembered on CPC Anniversary. 32 Hu FengImprisoned for a Petition to Mao. 37 Lin ZhaoAlone Dispatched to Execution Site. 45 Wu HanBrought Down for Historical Insinuation. 51 Wei JingshengImprisoned for Warning about Deng. 56 HadaJailed over Self-determination. 63 Yasin Chargedof Wild Pigeon’s Separatism.. 66 Liu XiaoboWinning a Prize with No Enemies 68 Afterword: Shocking Stories of Life and Death(by Tienchi Martin-Liao) 77 No. 15 (Autumn 2013) 80 Shen CongwenRetires His Pen on New Year’s Eve. 82 Xiao JunAccused of Being Anti-Soviet 96 Lin XilingHandpicked as an Ultra-Rightist 104 Mei ZhiFollowing Her Husband to Prison. 111 Li JiantongBanned for her Anti-Party Novel 115 Yu LuokeExecuted for “Family Background”. 119 Wang ShenyouPut to Death for His Love Letter 124 Liao YiwuIncriminated for His Poem.. 129 Zhao ChangqingInciting Subversion through Elections 133 Shi TaoSentenced for Sending an Email 139 No. 16 (Winter 2013) 144 Ah LongSuppressed for Distortion of Marxism.. 146 Ai QingBanished with His Family to the Borderland. 150 Tian HanDead because of His Tragic Opera. 159 Liu WenhuiKilled for Opposing Cultural Revolution. 168 Wang RuowangCharged for Offending Mao and Lin. 171 Yang XiguangSentenced for “Whither China”. 177 Wang ZaoshiPursuing Wei Zheng Spirit 182 Chen FengxiaoDreams Broken at Weiming Lake. 196 Yuan ChangyingSoul Remaining at Luojia Hill 202 Nie GannuConvicted for His Poetry. 207
The core of classical economic analysis represented by William Petty and Adam Smith concentrated on the field of development economics. This classical footing of the study of development is different from the neoclassical perspective in two important respects: (a) it focuses on division of labor as the driving force of development, and (b) it emphasizes the role of the market (the "invisible hand") in exploiting productivity gains that are derived from division of labor. However these aspects have received little attention in the body of literature that represents the modern field of development economics - which largely represents the neoclassical application of marginalism. A notable exception is research that utilizes inframarginal analysis of individuals' networking decisions in an attempt to formalize the classical mechanisms that drive division of labour. This book is a first attempt to collect relevant key contributions and will be invaluable to active researchers in the field of development economics. Contents: The Origins of Inframarginal Applications to the Study of Economic Development; Development Strategies, Income Distribution, and Dual Structures; Urbanization; Entrepreneurship and the Firm; Endogenous Transaction Costs andProperty Rights; Investment, Endogenous Growth, and Social Experiments; Infrastructure, Labor Surplus, Insurance, and the Trade-Off Between Leisure and Income. Key Features An excellent introduction to the emerging field of inframarginal economics A novel collection of key contributions in the field of inframarginal development economics Provides an evolutionary perspective of the study of economic development Readership: Academic economists.
This research review brings together the most influential theoretical and empirical contributions to the topic of trade and inequality from recent years. Segregating the subject into four key areas, it forms a comprehensive study of the subject, targeted at academic readers familiar with the main trade models and empirical methods used in economics. The first two parts cover empirical evidence on trade and inequality in developed and developing countries, while the third and fourth sections confront transition dynamics following trade liberalization and new theoretical contributions inspired by the previously-discussed empirical evidence, respectively. Presented with an extensive original introduction by the editor, Trade and Inequality will be an invaluable tool in the study of this field to advanced undergraduate students, graduate students and faculty alike.
