This book studies the motivation of crowdworkers to find out how to attract more people and reach a higher quality of outcomes. The book first proposes a taxonomy for studying the motivation of crowdworkers including the potential influencing factors, different types of motivation, and possible consequences and outcomes related to the motivation. Next, the CWMS questionnaire, an instrument for measuring the underlying motivation of crowdworkers is developed. It considers different dimensions of motivation suggested by the Self-Determination Theory of motivation which is a well-established and empirically validated psychological theory used in various domains. This instrument can be used to study the effect of platform and user characteristics on the general motivation of crowdworkers. Later, the task-specific motivation of crowdworkers is studied in detail: Influencing factors are investigated, subjective methods for measuring them are evaluated, a model for predicting worker’s decision on taking a task is proposed, the relative importance of different factors for two populations of crowdworkers is studied, and finally, a model for predicting the expected workload (as one of the major influencing factors) given the task design is proposed.
This book includes high-quality papers presented at 15th International Conference on Information Technology and Applications (ICITA 2021), held in Dubai, UAE during 13 – 14 November 2021. The book presents original research work of academics and industry professionals to exchange their knowledge of the state-of-the-art research and development in information technology and applications. The topics covered in the book are cloud computing, business process engineering, machine learning, evolutionary computing, big data analytics, internet of things and cyber-physical systems, information and knowledge management, computer vision and image processing, computer graphics and games programming, mobile computing, ontology engineering, software and systems modelling, human computer interaction, online learning / e-learning, computer networks, and web engineering.
Social media and crowdsourcing are important tools for solving complex problems. The benefit of crowdsourcing is that it leverages the power of human intelligence cost effectively and with less time. Social Media and Crowdsourcing: Application and Analytics examines the concepts of social media and crowdsourcing as well as their analytical aspects. It explores how these technologies contribute to the real world and examines such applications as promoting social good, agriculture, healthcare, tourism, disaster management, education, crime control, and cultural heritage. The book also looks at ethical issues in crowdsourcing and future scenarios and challenges for policy. Highlights of the book include the following: A crowdsourcing application in agriculture Crowdsourcing outline for a contemporary aided medicinal backup system Crowdsourcing-based recommendation in the tourism industry Crowdsourcing mechanisms for reviving cultural heritage Expanding the overarching concept of utilizing social media and crowdsourcing to solve various real-life problems, this book discusses how to bring together the wisdom of crowds for various decision-making problems in agriculture, disaster management, and healthcare. It addresses the various ethical issues arising out of various crowdsourcing-based applications. It puts forward diverse methodologies to involve crowdsourcing in education to implement new strategies to enhance learning outcomes. This book also addresses various problem-solving techniques for recommender applications in the travel and tourism industry. Providing a systematic discussion of the many sectors using crowdsourcing as an essential part of social innovation, this book is a theoretical and methodological look at the application of social media.
As the outcome of the Dagstuhl Seminar 15481 on Crowdsourcing and Human-Centered Experiments, this book is a primer for computer science researchers who intend to use crowdsourcing technology for human centered experiments. The focus of this Dagstuhl seminar, held in Dagstuhl Castle in November 2015, was to discuss experiences and methodological considerations when using crowdsourcing platforms to run human-centered experiments to test the effectiveness of visual representations. The inspiring Dagstuhl atmosphere fostered discussions and brought together researchers from different research directions. The papers provide information on crowdsourcing technology and experimental methodologies, comparisons between crowdsourcing and lab experiments, the use of crowdsourcing for visualisation, psychology, QoE and HCI empirical studies, and finally the nature of crowdworkers and their work, their motivation and demographic background, as well as the relationships among people forming the crowdsourcing community.
With today’s technological advancements, the evolution of software has led to various challenges regarding mass markets and crowds. High quality processing must be capable of handling large groups in an efficient manner without error. Solutions that have been applied include artificial intelligence and natural language processing, but extensive research in this area has yet to be undertaken. Crowdsourcing and Probabilistic Decision-Making in Software Engineering: Emerging Research and Opportunities is a pivotal reference source that provides vital research on the application of crowd-based software engineering and supports software engineers who want to improve the manner in which software is developed by increasing the accuracy of probabilistic reasoning to support their decision-making and getting automation support. While highlighting topics such as modeling techniques and programming practices, this publication is ideally designed for software developers, software engineers, computer engineers, executives, professionals, and researchers.
Der Entwurf und die Realisierung dienstbasierender Architekturen wirft eine Vielzahl von Forschungsfragestellungen aus den Gebieten der Softwaretechnik, der Systemmodellierung und -analyse, sowie der Adaptierbarkeit und Integration von Applikationen auf. Komponentenorientierung und WebServices sind zwei Ansätze für den effizienten Entwurf und die Realisierung komplexer Web-basierender Systeme. Sie ermöglichen die Reaktion auf wechselnde Anforderungen ebenso, wie die Integration großer komplexer Softwaresysteme. Heute übliche Technologien, wie J2EE und .NET, sind de facto Standards für die Entwicklung großer verteilter Systeme. Die Evolution solcher Komponentensysteme führt über WebServices zu dienstbasierenden Architekturen. Dies manifestiert sich in einer Vielzahl von Industriestandards und Initiativen wie XML, WSDL, UDDI, SOAP. All diese Schritte führen letztlich zu einem neuen, vielversprechenden Paradigma für IT Systeme, nach dem komplexe Softwarelösungen durch die Integration vertraglich vereinbarter Software-Dienste aufgebaut werden sollen. "Service-Oriented Systems Engineering" repräsentiert die Symbiose bewährter Praktiken aus den Gebieten der Objektorientierung, der Komponentenprogrammierung, des verteilten Rechnen sowie der Geschäftsprozesse und berücksichtigt auch die Integration von Geschäftsanliegen und Informationstechnologien. Die Klausurtagung des Forschungskollegs "Service-oriented Systems Engineering" findet einmal jährlich statt und bietet allen Kollegiaten die Möglichkeit den Stand ihrer aktuellen Forschung darzulegen. Bedingt durch die Querschnittstruktur des Kollegs deckt dieser Bericht ein weites Spektrum aktueller Forschungsthemen ab. Dazu zählen unter anderem Human Computer Interaction and Computer Vision as Service; Service-oriented Geovisualization Systems; Algorithm Engineering for Service-oriented Systems; Modeling and Verification of Self-adaptive Service-oriented Systems; Tools and Methods for Software Engineering in Service-oriented Systems; Security Engineering of Service-based IT Systems; Service-oriented Information Systems; Evolutionary Transition of Enterprise Applications to Service Orientation; Operating System Abstractions for Service-oriented Computing; sowie Services Specification, Composition, and Enactment. Design and Implementation of service-oriented architectures imposes a huge number of research questions from the fields of software engineering, system analysis and modeling, adaptability, and application integration. Component orientation and web services are two approaches for design and realization of complex web-based system. Both approaches allow for dynamic application adaptation as well as integration of enterprise application. Commonly used technologies, such as J2EE and .NET, form de facto standards for the realization of complex distributed systems. Evolution of component systems has lead to web services and service-based architectures. This has been manifested in a multitude of industry standards and initiatives such as XML, WSDL UDDI, SOAP, etc. All these achievements lead to a new and promising paradigm in IT systems engineering which proposes to design complex software solutions as collaboration of contractually defined software services. Service-Oriented Systems Engineering represents a symbiosis of best practices in object-orientation, component-based development, distributed computing, and business process management. It provides integration of business and IT concerns. The annual Ph.D. Retreat of the Research School provides each member the opportunity to present his/her current state of their research and to give an outline of a prospective Ph.D. thesis. Due to the interdisciplinary structure of the research school, this technical report covers a wide range of topics. These include but are not limited to: Human Computer Interaction and Computer Vision as Service; Service-oriented Geovisualization Systems; Algorithm Engineering for Service-oriented Systems; Modeling and Verification of Self-adaptive Service-oriented Systems; Tools and Methods for Software Engineering in Service-oriented Systems; Security Engineering of Service-based IT Systems; Service-oriented Information Systems; Evolutionary Transition of Enterprise Applications to Service Orientation; Operating System Abstractions for Service-oriented Computing; and Services Specification, Composition, and Enactment.
Human computation is a new and evolving research area that centers around harnessing human intelligence to solve computational problems that are beyond the scope of existing Artificial Intelligence (AI) algorithms. With the growth of the Web, human computation systems can now leverage the abilities of an unprecedented number of people via the Web to perform complex computation. There are various genres of human computation applications that exist today. Games with a purpose (e.g., the ESP Game) specifically target online gamers who generate useful data (e.g., image tags) while playing an enjoyable game. Crowdsourcing marketplaces (e.g., Amazon Mechanical Turk) are human computation systems that coordinate workers to perform tasks in exchange for monetary rewards. In identity verification tasks, users perform computation in order to gain access to some online content; an example is reCAPTCHA, which leverages millions of users who solve CAPTCHAs every day to correct words in books that optical character recognition (OCR) programs fail to recognize with certainty. This book is aimed at achieving four goals: (1) defining human computation as a research area; (2) providing a comprehensive review of existing work; (3) drawing connections to a wide variety of disciplines, including AI, Machine Learning, HCI, Mechanism/Market Design and Psychology, and capturing their unique perspectives on the core research questions in human computation; and (4) suggesting promising research directions for the future. Table of Contents: Introduction / Human Computation Algorithms / Aggregating Outputs / Task Routing / Understanding Workers and Requesters / The Art of Asking Questions / The Future of Human Computation
Crowdsourcing is an emerging paradigm that promises to transform several domains: creative work, business work, cultural cooperation, etc. Crowdsourcing reflects the close-knit interplay between the latest computer technologies, the rapidly changing work model of the 21st century, and the very nature of people. The interplay makes for an exciting but at the same time challenging new field to investigate under the lens of a diverse set of disciplines, ranging from the technical to the social and from the theoretical to the applied. Early research has focused on an aspect of crowdsourcing known as micro-tasking. Micro-tasks are simple tasks (like image annotations) that anyone could perform. An emerging area is how to utilize crowdsourcing to solve problems that go beyond simple tasks towards more complex ones, that require collaboration and creativity. In juxtaposition to micro-task crowdsourcing, this book investigates macro-task crowdsourcing and its potential.
This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Evaluation of Novel Approaches to Software Engineering, ENASE 2018, held in Funchal, Madeira, Portugal, in March 2018. The 17 revised full papers and 5 revised short papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 95 submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on service science and business information systems and software engineering.
This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Collaboration and Technology, CRIWG 2018, held in Costa de Caparica, Portugal, in September 2018. The 11 revised full papers presented together with 6 short papers were carefully reviewed and selected from 32 submissions. The papers published in the proceedings of this year span dierent areas of collaborative computing research, from collaborative learning to collaboration through social media and virtual communities.
