The Rare Elements examines the geological and geochemical aspects of rare elements and describes the different means of recovering them from their natural sources, from semi-finished products and from industrial wastes. After a chapter on the geology and geochemistry of different types of mineral deposits, further chapters deal with the mechanical and chemical beneficiation of ores, and chlorination in rare metals recovery. The theoretical and practical aspects of solvent extraction in connection with the recovery of rare elements are dealt with in great detail in a chapter which reviews a large number of extraction systems and is illustrated by forty solvent extraction diagrams. The final chapter describe pyro- and hydro-metallurgical procedures for recovering the individual elements from their sources, especially from those containing very small or even trace quantities. The value of the book lies in the fact that much of the text is devoted to the hydrometallurgical and solvent extraction techniques used to recover rare elements from sources hitherto regarded as commercially unviable, e.g. from low-content natural sources and from industrial wastes.
The present volume "Rare Earth Elements" A 6b deseribes in its first part the origin, mode of oeeurrenee, and behavior of Y and/or RE elements in the hydrosphere and atmos phere. Separately for marine and non-marine environments (surfaee, subsurfaee, mineral, and thermal waters), the behavior of RE (ineluding Y) in the hydrosphere eomprises espeeially the relationship between eontentleomposition and the ehemistry of water, and the processes aeting during migration, removal, and preeipitation are outlined; the influenee of biologieal material is mentioned. Behavior of RE in the atmosphere involves mainly transport, regional differenees, and temporal variations as weil as removal by preeipitation; the anthropogenie influenee is only outlined. The seeond part of this volume treats, partly in a more summary manner, the eosmo and geoehemieal eyeles and the balance of Y and/or RE elements. The relationship between geodynamie position and type of magmatism, as weil as the geoehemieal variations in the geospheres, especially mantle and erust of the earth, are deseribed in greater detail.
This book describes the recent evolution of rare earth elements and their mineralogy, both natural and synthetic analogues. Authors review and document rare earth element chemistry in the aqueous environment and the petrology of the rare earth element-bearing mineral Allanite. Synthetic rare earth minerals and their applications is a rapidly evolving discipline important to medicine, advanced digital technologies, and solid-state physics. Authors report on the synthesis of a macrocyclic gadolinium complex and also gadolinium complexes and their applications in medicine. Authors present compelling advances in gadolinium isotopes and oxides as substrates for induced excitation and luminescent material sciences.