Countering the Problem of Falsified and Substandard Drugs

Countering the Problem of Falsified and Substandard Drugs

Author: Institute of Medicine

Publisher: National Academies Press

Published: 2013-06-20

Total Pages: 377

ISBN-13: 0309269393

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The adulteration and fraudulent manufacture of medicines is an old problem, vastly aggravated by modern manufacturing and trade. In the last decade, impotent antimicrobial drugs have compromised the treatment of many deadly diseases in poor countries. More recently, negligent production at a Massachusetts compounding pharmacy sickened hundreds of Americans. While the national drugs regulatory authority (hereafter, the regulatory authority) is responsible for the safety of a country's drug supply, no single country can entirely guarantee this today. The once common use of the term counterfeit to describe any drug that is not what it claims to be is at the heart of the argument. In a narrow, legal sense a counterfeit drug is one that infringes on a registered trademark. The lay meaning is much broader, including any drug made with intentional deceit. Some generic drug companies and civil society groups object to calling bad medicines counterfeit, seeing it as the deliberate conflation of public health and intellectual property concerns. Countering the Problem of Falsified and Substandard Drugs accepts the narrow meaning of counterfeit, and, because the nuances of trademark infringement must be dealt with by courts, case by case, the report does not discuss the problem of counterfeit medicines.


The Promise of Assistive Technology to Enhance Activity and Work Participation

The Promise of Assistive Technology to Enhance Activity and Work Participation

Author: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

Publisher: National Academies Press

Published: 2017-09-01

Total Pages: 503

ISBN-13: 030945784X

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The U.S. Census Bureau has reported that 56.7 million Americans had some type of disability in 2010, which represents 18.7 percent of the civilian noninstitutionalized population included in the 2010 Survey of Income and Program Participation. The U.S. Social Security Administration (SSA) provides disability benefits through the Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) program and the Supplemental Security Income (SSI) program. As of December 2015, approximately 11 million individuals were SSDI beneficiaries, and about 8 million were SSI beneficiaries. SSA currently considers assistive devices in the nonmedical and medical areas of its program guidelines. During determinations of substantial gainful activity and income eligibility for SSI benefits, the reasonable cost of items, devices, or services applicants need to enable them to work with their impairment is subtracted from eligible earnings, even if those items or services are used for activities of daily living in addition to work. In addition, SSA considers assistive devices in its medical disability determination process and assessment of work capacity. The Promise of Assistive Technology to Enhance Activity and Work Participation provides an analysis of selected assistive products and technologies, including wheeled and seated mobility devices, upper-extremity prostheses, and products and technologies selected by the committee that pertain to hearing and to communication and speech in adults.


In the Bubble

In the Bubble

Author: John Thackara

Publisher: MIT Press

Published: 2006-02-17

Total Pages: 334

ISBN-13: 0262701154

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How to design a world in which we rely less on stuff, and more on people. We're filling up the world with technology and devices, but we've lost sight of an important question: What is this stuff for? What value does it add to our lives? So asks author John Thackara in his new book, In the Bubble: Designing for a Complex World. These are tough questions for the pushers of technology to answer. Our economic system is centered on technology, so it would be no small matter if "tech" ceased to be an end-in-itself in our daily lives. Technology is not going to go away, but the time to discuss the end it will serve is before we deploy it, not after. We need to ask what purpose will be served by the broadband communications, smart materials, wearable computing, and connected appliances that we're unleashing upon the world. We need to ask what impact all this stuff will have on our daily lives. Who will look after it, and how? In the Bubble is about a world based less on stuff and more on people. Thackara describes a transformation that is taking place now—not in a remote science fiction future; it's not about, as he puts it, "the schlock of the new" but about radical innovation already emerging in daily life. We are regaining respect for what people can do that technology can't. In the Bubble describes services designed to help people carry out daily activities in new ways. Many of these services involve technology—ranging from body implants to wide-bodied jets. But objects and systems play a supporting role in a people-centered world. The design focus is on services, not things. And new principles—above all, lightness—inform the way these services are designed and used. At the heart of In the Bubble is a belief, informed by a wealth of real-world examples, that ethics and responsibility can inform design decisions without impeding social and technical innovation.


Urban Democracy

Urban Democracy

Author: Oscar W. Gabriel

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2012-12-06

Total Pages: 448

ISBN-13: 3322999696

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Der Band enthält eine Bestandsaufnahme der Struktur und Entwicklung großstädtischer Demokratien im Übergang zur postindustriellen Gesellschaft. Im Mittelpunkt steht die Frage, in welcher Weise der Strukturwandel der westlichen Gesellschaften die Einflußverteilung zwischen der Bevölkerung, den Institutionen des Interessenvermittlungssystems und den lokalen Eliten beeinflußt hat.


Processing for Prosperity

Processing for Prosperity

Author: Peter Fellows

Publisher: Food & Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO)

Published: 2011

Total Pages: 116

ISBN-13:

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Small scale food processing can create diversified incomes and employement for farmers in rural villages. Processing brings many differenet benefits to communities: it allows foods to be preserved and stored as a reserve against times of shortage, it helps to avoid the effects of lowered prices when seasonal gluts occur at harvest time, it creates special foods for cultural idenity and it enables farmers to add value to crops and animal products that diversify and increase sources of income.


A History of Tasmania, from Its Discovery in 1642 to the Present Time

A History of Tasmania, from Its Discovery in 1642 to the Present Time

Author: James Fenton

Publisher:

Published: 1884

Total Pages: 504

ISBN-13:

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James Fenton (1820-1901) was born in Ireland and emigrated to Tasmania (then known as Van Diemen's Land) with his family in 1833. He became a pioneer settler in an area on the Forth River and published this history of the island in 1884. The book begins with the discovery of the island in 1642 and concludes with the deaths of some significant public figures in the colony in 1884. The establishment of the colony on the island, and the involvement of convicts in its building, is documented. A chapter on the native aborigines gives a fascinating insight into the attitudes of the colonising people, and a detailed account of the removal of the native Tasmanians to Flinders Island, in an effort to separate them from the colonists. The book also contains portraits of some aboriginal people, as well as a glossary of their language.


The Cutlery Industry

The Cutlery Industry

Author: Peter Smithurst

Publisher: Shire Publications

Published: 1987

Total Pages: 32

ISBN-13: 9780852638705

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The name of Sheffield has become so indelibly linked with the cutlery industry that it is difficult to imagine that it was ever otherwise. But, although Sheffield can claim to be the home of the industry, it was not its birthplace. This book follows the development of the cutlery industry from thirteenth-century London to present-day Sheffield. The rise of Sheffield was a relatively late development and the reasons for this ascendancy are explained. An important part of this history was the skills of the craftsmen upon which the industry depended and this aspect is also covered. Although it is impossible to know exactly how the craftsmen worked in the past, the records which have been made of practices since the 1930's and the work of the few handcraftsmen still at work today are not very different from the methods and equipment used over the centuries. There are sufficient items from the seventeenth century onwards to support this view, and the author uses such records to explain techniques and working conditions.