The Economics of R&D Policy
Author: George S. Tolley
Publisher: Greenwood
Published: 1985
Total Pages: 216
ISBN-13:
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Author: George S. Tolley
Publisher: Greenwood
Published: 1985
Total Pages: 216
ISBN-13:
DOWNLOAD EBOOKAuthor: Gregory Tassey
Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing USA
Published: 1997-11-25
Total Pages: 262
ISBN-13: 0313370435
DOWNLOAD EBOOKIndustry officials and government policymakers have for some time decried the lack of a framework for establishing and defending Research and Development (R&D) policies. Effective policy requires an understanding of the underlying economics. This book offers models and analysis of the economic elements that drive technology-based growth with emphasis on their implications for policy analysis. It also compares existing U.S. policies with those used in Europe and Japan. The results of these models and analysis is a framework for matching various forms of underinvestment with efficient strategic and policy responses. This market-failure based approach enables industry and government R&D initiatives to be developed, analyzed, and implemented with greater success than previously attained. The first part of the book analyzes economic trends to show how they are affected by technological change and the evolving nature of foreign competition. R&D spending patterns are studied to identify and characterize market failures that prevent adequate private-sector investments in technology. A model is presented for a typical technology-based industry. The second part looks at specific technologies and policies that impact R&D investment and that have been the subject of intense policy debate.
Author: Richard D. Horan
Publisher: Routledge
Published: 2017-11-30
Total Pages: 430
ISBN-13: 1351146955
DOWNLOAD EBOOKThis two-volume set collects key essays examining economic theory, methods, and issues salient to agri-environmental policy in the US and in Europe, as well as in other countries. The topics under discussion are arranged thematically and include theoretical, numerical and empirical works; all are grounded in policy and economics. The introduction to these volumes reviews the evolution of agri-environmental policies, with an important focus on the history of US policy and European agri-environmental policy. A key feature within this is the importance of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in the US, particularly its move towards more 'market-based incentives' from the 1980s onwards. Within the European context, the effects of the CAP (Common Agricultural Policy) on agri-environmental programmes and schemes within the member states, are discussed. Significantly, the essays republished here have provided the knowledge base that has influenced further applied work, creating an influential impact on policy development.
Author: Paul V. Ellefson
Publisher: Routledge
Published: 2019-04-12
Total Pages: 437
ISBN-13: 0429722176
DOWNLOAD EBOOKThis book reviews the status of discipline-wide activity in forest economics and policy research, especially investment levels, past and current program emphasis, program planning, and organizational involvement. It defines strategic directions for forest economics and policy research.
Author: Anwar Shah
Publisher:
Published: 2006
Total Pages: 0
ISBN-13:
DOWNLOAD EBOOKThe authors propose four economic principles for use in deciding taxing responsibilities for various levels of government. These are: 1) efficiency of the internal common market - for efficiency in internal common market, taxes on mobile factors and tradable goods should either be assigned to the national government or coordinated among subnational governments; 2) national equity - progressive redistributive taxes ought to be assigned to the level of government having responsibility for redistribution, usually the national government. Subnational governments could levy supplementary flat rates on the federal tax base; 3) administrative costs - to minimize collection, administration, and compliance costs, a tax should be assigned to the level likely to be best informed about its base. This suggests assigning real property taxation to local governments and corporate income taxation to the national government; and 4) fiscal need - to ensure accountability, revenue means should be matched as closely as possible to revenue needs. Thus tax instruments intended to further specific policy objectives should be assigned to the level of government having the responsibility for such a service. Thus progressive redistributive taxes, stabilization instruments, and resource rent taxes would be suitable for assignment to national government; while tolls on intermunicipal roads are suitably assigned to state governments. Some resource taxes, such as royalties and fees and severance taxes on production and/or output, are designed to cover costs of local service provision and could be assigned to subnational governments. In addition, subnational governments could also impose taxes to discourage local environmental degradation. In countries with a federal level VAT, it may be too cumbersome to have subnational sales taxes. In such circumstances, the fiscal need criterion would suggest allowing subnational governments access to taxes which are traditionally regarded as suitable for national administration, such as personal income taxes. The authors also stress the importance of tax harmonization and coordination in preserving internal common market, reducing collection and compliance costs and helping to achieve national equity objectives and suggest methods of achieving such coordination vertically (between the federal and subnational governments) and horizontally (among subnational governments).
Author: Roger D. Norton
Publisher: Food & Agriculture Org.
Published: 2004
Total Pages: 546
ISBN-13: 9789251048757
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Author: Korres, George M.
Publisher: IGI Global
Published: 2017-03-21
Total Pages: 469
ISBN-13: 1522524592
DOWNLOAD EBOOKNew developments in socio-economics aid in increased productivity of manufacturing. These advances result in long-term improvement of competitiveness and innovation. The Handbook of Research on Policies and Practices for Sustainable Economic Growth and Regional Development is an essential reference publication for the latest scholarly information on the role of socio-economics in sustainable development initiatives. Featuring coverage on a variety of topics and perspectives including social economy innovation, cultural management, and social networking, this publication is ideally designed for researchers, policy makers, and academicians seeking current research on different determining factors of social consequences resulting from economic crisis.
Author: L.H. Meyer
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Published: 2012-12-06
Total Pages: 269
ISBN-13: 9400981740
DOWNLOAD EBOOKOn October 24 and 25, 1980, the Center for the Study of American Business at Washington University and the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis cosponsored their fifth annual conference, "The Supply-Side Effects of Economic Policy." This volume contains the papers and comments delivered at that conference. Proponents of "supply-side economics" have challenged the policy recommendations that emerge from "Keynesian" macroeconometric models. These models focus on the effects of economic policy on the demand for output. Supply-side economics, in contrast, emphasizes the response of output to changes in the supply of inputs. Decisions affecting the capital stock and employment-in particular, saving and investment decisions and labor force participation and hours decisions-are the focus of the supply-siders' attention. The 1980 conference examined most of the major themes associated with supply-side economics. The papers in Part I of this volume develop the theory underlying various supply-side propositions and present empirical evidence in support of some of these propositions. In Part II, the effect of taxes on capital formation and the effect of increased capital formation on output growth and inflation are examined. The effect of tax and transfer programs on labor supply, employment and unemployment are examined in Part III. The final section contains the special luncheon and dinner presentations.
Author: Rainer Walz
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Published: 2008-09-27
Total Pages: 172
ISBN-13: 3790820784
DOWNLOAD EBOOKIn its latest Assessment Report, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2007) projects that without further action the global average surface t- perature would rise by a further 1. 8–4. 0°C until the end of this century. But even if the rise in temperature could be limited to the lower end of this range, irreversible and possibly catastrophic changes are likely to occur. Consequently, the protection of the earth’s atmosphere requires substantial efforts to reduce CO and other green- 2 house gas emissions – especially in countries with very high per capita emissions. To limit the imminent rise in temperature, in the Kyoto-Protocol, the European Union has committed itself to reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases by 8% up to 2008–2012 compared to 1990 levels. Within the EU burden sharing agr- ment, some countries have to achieve even higher emissions reductions. Germany was assigned a reduction target of 21%. The entry into force of the Kyoto Protocol in February 2005 marks a first step towards meting global climate targets, but more ambitious action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions is needed after 2012, when the Kyoto targets expire. Under German presidency, the EU has committed itself to unilaterally reduce its greenhouse gas emissions until 2020 by 20%. In case a Post- Kyoto agreement can be reached, the EU reduction target would be 30% (CEU, 2007).
Author: Pere Mir-Artigues
Publisher: Springer
Published: 2016-04-22
Total Pages: 360
ISBN-13: 3319296531
DOWNLOAD EBOOKThis book provides an up-to-date, rigorous analysis of the state of the art of solar photovoltaic (PV) generation. It focuses on the economic analysis of solar PV generation technologies as well as the policies that have been devised and implemented around the globe to support it. It provides the main theoretical tools for understanding the cost of these technologies, and discusses them from both a historical and comparative perspective with respect to other competing technologies (both conventional and renewable). In addition, it presents the conceptual rationale to maximize reader insights into whether and how public support for these technologies is justified as well as the consequences for the economy of different promotion measures. Integrating concepts from different economics disciplines (environmental economics, innovation economics, industrial economics and public economics) into a coherent basis for the analysis of the costs and policies for solar PV electricity, it provides an update to the literature to reflect recent advances in and deployments of solar electricity and the drastic reduction in associated costs.