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Author: David Neumark
Publisher: Routledge
Published: 2004-01-29
Total Pages: 700
ISBN-13: 1135996741
DOWNLOAD EBOOKSex differences abound in labor markets. In the United States three differences in particular have attracted the most attention: the earnings gap, occupational segregation, and the greater responsibility of women for child care and housework, and consequential lower participation in the labor market.This volume brings together David Neumark's work
Author: Joni Hersch
Publisher: Now Publishers Inc
Published: 2006
Total Pages: 97
ISBN-13: 1933019476
DOWNLOAD EBOOKWomen have made huge advances relative to men in the labor force, occupational status, and educational attainment, but women continue to earn less than men. While the gender pay gap has narrowed, a substantial gap remains. Sex Discrimination in the Labor Market examines sources of this pay disparity and the factors that contribute to this gap. Whether sex discrimination plays a role in the gender pay gap is a topic of considerable debate. Many researchers question the role of discrimination and attribute the residual pay gap to gender differences in preferences, especially with respect to balancing work with family responsibilities. Sex Discrimination in the Labor Market shows that sex discrimination contributes to the unexplained gender pay gap, which is consistent with high profile sex discrimination litigation suggesting continuing bias in the labor market on the basis of sex.
Author: David Neumark
Publisher:
Published: 2003
Total Pages: 0
ISBN-13:
DOWNLOAD EBOOKSex differences in labor markets are pervasive. In the United States three differences, in particular, have attracted the most attention from economists: the earnings gap between women and men; occupational segregation of women and men; and the greater responsibility of women for child care and housework, or "home production," and concomitant lower participation in market work. This essay summarizes and synthesizes the research I have done over the past 15 years on understanding these differences and assessing policy responses to them, and places this work in the context of the broader literature. Considerable progress has been made in research on non-discriminatory sources of sex differences in labor markets, the role of discrimination, and policy responses. Yet there is still a considerable lack of consensus on all three of these issues. I would argue that research emanating from the economics of the family has generated some very clever and compelling non-discriminatory explanations for sex differences in labor markets, in particular differences in wages and occupational choice. Although there is some evidence consistent with these explanations, this evidence does not rule out an important role for discrimination in generating sex differences in labor markets. I also believe that the lack of consensus regarding the existence of discrimination is partly inertial. By this I mean that the many empirical studies of discrimination using the wage regression approach, which documented a large wage gap between women and men and often attributed a sizable proportion of this gap to discrimination, are not viewed as very compelling. At the same time, the newer literature carrying out more convincing tests of discrimination - and, in my view, establishing rather compelling evidence of discrimination - is less well-known. Finally, policy responses remain contentious not only because of disputes over whether they are appropriate in principle (i.e., whether there is discrimination), but also because the cure is sometimes viewed as worse than the disease. As an example, I would conjecture that among labor economists who are quite convinced women suffer from wage discrimination, many would nonetheless not endorse comparable worth. And the conflict over affirmative action shows signs only of sharpening.
Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
Published: 1986-02-01
Total Pages: 188
ISBN-13: 0309034299
DOWNLOAD EBOOKEven though women have made substantial progress in a number of formerly male occupations, sex segregation in the workplace remains a fact of life. This volume probes pertinent questions: Why has the overall degree of sex segregation remained stable in this century? What informal barriers keep it in place? How do socialization and educational practices affect career choices and hiring patterns? How do family responsibilities affect women's work attitudes? And how effective is legislation in lessening the gap between the sexes? Amply supplemented with tables, figures, and insightful examination of trends and research, this volume is a definitive source for what is known today about sex segregation on the job.
Author: Susan L. Averett
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Published: 2018-05-15
Total Pages: 889
ISBN-13: 0190878266
DOWNLOAD EBOOKThe transformation of women's lives over the past century is among the most significant and far-reaching of social and economic phenomena, affecting not only women but also their partners, children, and indeed nearly every person on the planet. In developed and developing countries alike, women are acquiring more education, marrying later, having fewer children, and spending a far greater amount of their adult lives in the labor force. Yet, because women remain the primary caregivers of children, issues such as work-life balance and the glass ceiling have given rise to critical policy discussions in the developed world. In developing countries, many women lack access to reproductive technology and are often relegated to jobs in the informal sector, where pay is variable and job security is weak. Considerable occupational segregation and stubborn gender pay gaps persist around the world. The Oxford Handbook of Women and the Economy is the first comprehensive collection of scholarly essays to address these issues using the powerful framework of economics. Each chapter, written by an acknowledged expert or team of experts, reviews the key trends, surveys the relevant economic theory, and summarizes and critiques the empirical research literature. By providing a clear-eyed view of what we know, what we do not know, and what the critical unanswered questions are, this Handbook provides an invaluable and wide-ranging examination of the many changes that have occurred in women's economic lives.
Author: Susanne Schmitz
Publisher: Routledge
Published: 2017-10-12
Total Pages: 194
ISBN-13: 1351712586
DOWNLOAD EBOOKThis study, first published in 1996, investigates the effects that local labor market conditions may have on the economic status of women and blacks, relative to their white male counterparts. More precisely, it examines the impact that local labor market conditions have on estimates of labor market discrimination investigated in this study are wage discrimination and occupational discrimination. This title will be of interest to students of sociology, gender studies and urban studies.
Author: Toby L. Parcel
Publisher:
Published: 1983
Total Pages: 344
ISBN-13:
DOWNLOAD EBOOKThe problem and theoretical foundations; Data, methods, and labor market's structure; Local labor market characteristics'effects on earnings; Economic sector and dual labor market characteristics'effects on earning; Occupational labor market characteristics' and class/authority effects on earnings; Social psychological effects on earnings: social selection and earnings attainment.
Author: David Neumark
Publisher:
Published: 1993
Total Pages: 27
ISBN-13:
DOWNLOAD EBOOKAbstract: The human capital explanation of sex differences in wages is that women intend to work in the labor market more intermittently than men, and therefore invest less. This lower investment leads to lower wages and wage growth. The alternative "feedback" hypothesis consistent with the same facts is that women experience labor market discrimination and respond with career interruptions and specialization in household production. This paper explores the relationship between self-reported discrimination and subsequent labor market interruptions to test this alternative hypothesis, attempting to remove biases associated with using data on self-reported discrimination. The paper provides evidence consistent with the feedback hypothesis. Working women who report experiencing discrimination are significantly more likely subsequently to change employers, and to have additional children (or a first child). On the other hand, women who report experiencing discrimination, and who consequently have a greater tendency for career interruptions of these types, do not subsequently have lower wage growth.
Author: Jorge Saba Arbache
Publisher: World Bank Publications
Published: 2010-08-05
Total Pages: 454
ISBN-13: 0821380702
DOWNLOAD EBOOKWomen's earnings are a fraction of male's earnings in several African countries. It is tempting to conclude that this wage gap is a sign of discrimination against women in the labor market. Yet this book uses new datasets to show that the gap is not simply the result of discrimination in the labor markets, but rather the result of multiple factors, including access to education and credit, cultural values and household duties, and, above all, labor market conditions. It shows that gender disparities grow when economies are not functioning well and labor markets are tiny. More than the effect of discrimination, it seems that job rationing causes those with better human capital and those with more power in the household usually the men to take the few jobs that are available. It is hardly surprising, then, that in a region where only a fraction of the labor force finds jobs in the formal sector, gender disparities in earnings are so high. The book further documents that firm-level and sector characteristics are additional powerful factors in explaining the gender disparities in the labor market. As the causes are not simple, neither are the solutions; multifaceted strategies are needed. By providing environments that support economic growth and, more importantly, job creation, as well as by promoting equal access for women to education and rethinking the attitudes that limit what women may achieve, governments in the region will substantially improve the well-being of all their peoples. 'Gender Disparities in Africa's Labor Market' helps to fill the knowledge gap and identify the links between gender disparities and poverty reduction. The work was implemented in collaboration with a range of poverty and labor market studies to maximize its usefulness for policy dialogue in specific countries. This book will be of interest to policy makers, students, academics, gender experts, and all those interested in gender issues and development.
Author: Dahlia Moore
Publisher: Routledge
Published: 2016-12-19
Total Pages: 273
ISBN-13: 1351996762
DOWNLOAD EBOOKOccupational sex segregation is one of the most universal and salient characteristics of labor markets. It indicates the different probabilities of members of both genders to take up particular occupations, and traditionally places women at a great disadvantage. This book, first published in 1992, focuses on a comparative analysis of sex-segregated occupational categories and attempts to systematically examine their implications. Since very little is known about Israeli working women, and given the cultural differences between Israel and other, more studied industrialised nations, this book focuses on the Israeli labor market. Through the utilization of several theoretical approaches, combining economic, sociological, and social-psychological perspectives, the book analyses empirical findings concerning labor market perceptions, attitudes and behaviors.
