"The Guidelines for the Installation of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations at State-Owned Facilities are a detailed description of the process for the procurement and installation of electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE), also referred to as charging stations, at state-owned facilities. These guidelines serve as part of Connecticut's comprehensive strategy to achieve wide-scale electric vehicle deployment, reduce harmful criteria pollutants from the transportation sector, meet federal health-based air quality standards, and mitigate communities' exposure to toxins emitted from mobile sources"--Executive summary.
The increase in air pollution and vehicular emissions has led to the development of the renewable energy-based generation and electrification of transportation. Further, the electrification shift faces an enormous challenge due to limited driving range, long charging time, and high initial cost of deployment. Firstly, there has been a discussion on renewable energy such as how wind power and solar power can be generated by wind turbines and photovoltaics, respectively, while these are intermittent in nature. The combination of these renewable energy resources with available power generation system will make electric vehicle (EV) charging sustainable and viable after the payback period. Recently, there has also been a significant discussion focused on various EV charging types and the level of power for charging to minimize the charging time. By focusing on both sustainable and renewable energy, as well as charging infrastructures and technologies, the future for EV can be explored. Developing Charging Infrastructure and Technologies for Electric Vehicles reviews and discusses the state of the art in electric vehicle charging technologies, their applications, economic, environmental, and social impact, and integration with renewable energy. This book captures the state of the art in electric vehicle charging infrastructure deployment, their applications, architectures, and relevant technologies. In addition, this book identifies potential research directions and technologies that facilitate insights on EV charging in various charging places such as smart home charging, parking EV charging, and charging stations. This book will be essential for power system architects, mechanics, electrical engineers, practitioners, developers, practitioners, researchers, academicians, and students interested in the problems and solutions to the state-of-the-art status of electric vehicles.
This Code of Practice provides a clear overview of EV charging equipment, as well as setting out the considerations needed prior to installation and the necessary physical and electrical installation requirements. It also details what needs to be considered when installing electric vehicle charging equipment in various different locations - such as domestic dwellings, on-street locations, and commercial and industrial premises. Key changes from the second edition include: Two completely new sections Vehicles as Energy Storage Integration with smart metering and control, automation and monitoring systems A new Annex A complete update to the new requirements in BS 7671:2018 Bringing the Code in line with revised regulations and good practice The risk assessments and checklists have also been reviewed and revised. This very well established Code of Practice, supported by all the major stakeholders in the industry, is essential reading for anyone involved in the rapid expansion of EV charging points, and those involved in maintenance, extension, modification and periodic verification of electrical installations that incorporate EV charging.
This document is intended to serve as a program guide to support federal agencies in developing their own policy documents for workplace charging. Developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory and the Department of Energy Federal Energy Management Program, it provides suggested language that agencies can incorporate into their own policies to define requirements for charging privately owned vehicles on government-owned or leased property. The Fixing America's Surface Transportation Act authorizes the U.S. General Services Administration (GSA) and other federal agencies to install, operate, and maintain electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE) for privately-owned vehicles (POVs) in parking areas used by federal employees and authorized users, and it requires the collection of fees to recover the costs of installing, operating, and maintaining this equipment. This guide offers details for agency facility managers, transportation personnel, employees, and vendors regarding the charging of electric vehicles (EVs) for use by employees and personnel at government-owned and leased buildings. This guide describes the requirements associated with federal agencies providing EV charging in publicly accessible sites. The policy also describes when and how fees may be imposed to cover costs of electricity, as well as EVSE units and installations in various scenarios.
Electric Vehicles for Smart Cities: Trends, Challenges, and Opportunities uniquely examines different approaches to electric vehicle deployment in the context of smart cities. It provides a holistic picture of electromobility within urban areas, offering an integrated approach to city transportation systems by considering the energy systems, latest vehicle technologies, and transport infrastructure. Electric Vehicles for Smart Cities addresses the interaction between grid infrastructure, vehicles, costs and benefits, and operational reliability within an integrated framework. The book examines the role electric vehicles play in the social and political aspects of climate change mitigation, as well as a renewable energy-based economy. It explains how electric vehicles and their system requirements work, including recharging techniques and infrastructures, and discusses alternative market deployment approaches. Includes case studies from cities around the world, including Amsterdam, London, Oslo, Barcelona, Los Angeles, New York, Silicon Valley, Los Angeles, Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin, Tokyo, and Goto Islands Traces the developments, innovations, advantages, and disadvantages in the electric car industry Provides learning aids such as discussion questions and text boxes
Plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) are growing in popularity in developed countries in an attempt to overcome the problems of pollution, depleting natural oil and fossil fuel reserves and rising petrol costs. In addition, automotive industries are facing increasing community pressure and governmental regulations to reduce emissions and adopt cleaner, more sustainable technologies such as PEVs. However, accepting this new technology depends primarily on the economic aspects for individuals and the development of adequate PEV technologies. The reliability and dependability of the new vehicles (PEVs) are considered the main public concerns due to range anxiety. The limited driving range of PEVs makes public charging a requirement for long-distance trips, and therefore, the availability of convenient and fast charging infrastructure is a crucial factor in bolstering the adoption of PEVs. The goal of the work presented in this thesis was to address the challenges associated with implementing electric vehicle fast charging stations (FCSs) in distribution system. Installing electric vehicle charging infrastructure without planning (free entry) can cause some complications that affect the FCS network performance negatively. First, the number of charging stations with the free entry can be less or more than the required charging facilities, which leads to either waste resources by overestimating the number of PEVs or disturb the drivers' convenience by underestimate the number of PEVs. In addition, it is likely that high traffic areas are selected to locate charging stations; accordingly, other areas could have a lack of charging facilities, which will have a negative impact on the ability of PEVs to travel in the whole transportation network. Moreover, concentrating charging stations in specific areas can increase both the risk of local overloads and the business competition from technical and economic perspectives respectively. Technically, electrical utilities require that the extra load of adopting PEV demand on the power system be managed. Utilities strive for the implementation of FCSs to follow existing electrical standards in order to maintain a reliable and robust electrical system. Economically, the low PEV penetration level at the early adoption stage makes high competition market less attractive for investors; however, regulated market can manage the distance between charging stations in order to enhance the potential profit of the market. As a means of facilitating the deployment of FCSs, this thesis presents a comprehensive planning model for implementing plug-in electric vehicle charging infrastructure. The plan consists of four main steps: estimating number of PEVs as well as the number of required charging facilities in the network; selecting the strategic points in transportation network to be FCS target locations; investigating the maximum capability of distribution system current structure to accommodate PEV loads; and developing an economical staging model for installing PEV charging stations. The development of the comprehensive planning begins with estimating the PEV market share. This objective is achieved using a forecasting model for PEV market sales that includes the parameters influencing PEV market sales. After estimating the PEV market size, a new charging station allocation approach is developed based on a Trip Success Ratio (TSR) to enhance PEV drivers' convenience. The proposed allocation approach improves PEV drivers' accessibility to charging stations by choosing target locations in transportation network that increase the possibility of completing PEVs trips successfully. This model takes into consideration variations in driving behaviors, battery capacities, States of Charge (SOC), and trip classes. The estimation of PEV penetration level and the target locations of charging stations obtained from the previous two steps are utilized to investigate the capability of existing distribution systems to serve PEV demand. The Optimal Power Flow (OPF) model is utilized to determine the maximum PEV penetration level that the existing electrical system can serve with minimum system enhancement, which makes it suitable for practical implementation even at the early adoption rates. After that, the determination of charging station size, number of chargers and charger installation time are addressed in order to meet the forecasted public PEV demand with the minimum associated cost. This part of the work led to the development of an optimization methodology for determining the optimal economical staging plan for installing FCSs. The proposed staging plan utilizes the forecasted PEV sales to produce the public PEV charging demand by considering the traffic flow in the transportation network, and the public PEV charging demand is distributed between the FCSs based on the traffic flow ratio considering distribution system margins of PEV penetration level. Then, the least-cost fast chargers that satisfy the quality of service requirements in terms of waiting and processing times are selected to match the public PEV demand. The proposed planning model is capable to provide an extensive economic assessment of FCS projects by including PEV demand, price markup, and different market structure models. The presented staging plan model is also capable to give investors the opportunity to make a proper trade-off between overall annual cost and the convenience of PEV charging, as well as the proper pricing for public charging services.
DC Fast Chargers' Installation Guide by Dr. Maxwell Shimba is an essential manual for anyone involved in the electric vehicle (EV) charging industry. This comprehensive guide provides detailed instructions and expert insights on installing DC fast chargers, which are critical for meeting the growing demand for rapid and efficient EV charging solutions. The book is designed to be accessible to a wide audience, including electrical engineers, contractors, facility managers, and policymakers. By covering a wide range of topics from basic principles to advanced installation techniques, Dr. Shimba ensures that readers have all the information they need to successfully implement DC fast charging infrastructure. The book begins with an introduction to DC fast chargers, explaining their significance in the context of the expanding EV market. Dr. Shimba discusses the basics of how these chargers work, converting alternating current (AC) from the grid into direct current (DC) to directly charge vehicle batteries. This section also highlights the differences between DC fast chargers and other types of chargers, such as Level 1 and Level 2 chargers, emphasizing the superior speed and efficiency of DC fast charging solutions. This foundational knowledge sets the stage for the more technical and practical information covered in subsequent chapters. One of the key strengths of this guide is its detailed exploration of the installation process. Dr. Shimba provides step-by-step instructions on site assessment, electrical requirements, and equipment selection. He covers crucial aspects such as power supply considerations, optimal placement of charging stations, and compliance with safety standards and regulations. The book also addresses common challenges and troubleshooting tips, ensuring that readers are well-prepared to handle any issues that may arise during installation. In addition to the technical aspects, the book also delves into the economic and environmental benefits of DC fast charging infrastructure. Dr. Shimba explains how these chargers can contribute to the overall efficiency of the electrical grid and support the integration of renewable energy sources. He discusses the potential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and promoting sustainable transportation. This broader perspective helps readers understand the importance of their work within the larger context of environmental stewardship and energy management. Another notable feature of the guide is its focus on future trends and technological advancements in EV charging. Dr. Shimba explores emerging technologies such as ultra-fast chargers with power outputs exceeding 350 kW and solid-state batteries that support higher power levels and faster charging rates. He also discusses the potential of wireless charging and dynamic charging technologies, which could further revolutionize the EV charging landscape. By staying informed about these innovations, readers can future-proof their installations and ensure they are prepared for the next wave of advancements in EV technology. The book includes valuable reference materials, such as the National Electrical Code (NEC), local building codes and regulations, and manufacturer installation manuals and guidelines. These resources provide essential information for ensuring compliance and maintaining high standards of safety and performance. An index of key terms and topics covered in the guide allows for easy navigation and quick reference, making it a practical tool for both new and experienced professionals in the field. DC Fast Chargers' Installation Guide is an indispensable resource that equips readers with the knowledge and skills needed to effectively install and manage DC fast charging infrastructure, driving the transition to a more sustainable and efficient transportation future
Fast-Charging Infrastructure for Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles Comprehensive resource describing fast-charging infrastructure in electric vehicles, including various subsystems involved in the power system architecture needed for fast-charging Fast-Charging Infrastructure for Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles presents various aspects of fast-charging infrastructure, including the location of fast-charging stations, revenue models and tariff structures, power electronic converters, power quality problems such as harmonics & supraharmonics, energy storage systems, and wireless-charging, electrical distribution infrastructures and planning. This book serves as a guide to learn recent advanced technologies with examples and case studies. It also considers problems that arise, and the mitigation methods involved, in fast-charging stations in global aspects and provides tools for analysis. Sample topics covered in Fast-Charging Infrastructure for Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles include: Selection of fast-charging stations, advanced power electronic converter topologies for EV fast-charging, wireless charging for plug-in HEV/EVs, and batteries for fast-charging infrastructure Standards for fast-charging infrastructure and power quality issues (analysis of harmonic injection and system resonance conditions due to large-scale penetration of EVs and supraharmonic injection) For professionals in electric vehicle technology, along with graduate and senior undergraduates, professors, and researchers in related fields, Fast-Charging Infrastructure for Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles is a useful, comprehensive, and accessible guide to gain an overview of the current state of the art.
Exploring the impact of charging station location on electric vehicle (EV) demand is crucial for understanding electric vehicle demand and developing additional policies. This paper examines how the number of charging stations near the town/city center, the distance between charging stations and the nearest highway, and the number of stations with facilities (car dealers, parking lots, office buildings, and hotels) affect electric vehicle demand. Based on quarterly data of EV sales and charging station locations in all counties of New York State from 2014 to 2021, this study concludes that more stations installed near the town/city center and highways, as well as more stations equipped with facilities like office buildings, could boost EV demand. These findings imply that future subsidies for charging infrastructure may be location-based.
