El autor realiza en esta obra un profundo estudio sobre la aventura de vivir en un pais en desarrollo como Brasil, en el ámbito económico y político, dibujado como como prometedor por sus políticos pero soportado con sufrimiento por los brasileños desde la Colonia hasta la "Nueva República". Escrito en dos momentos, uno en 1972 y otro en 1976, y actualizado posteriormente, el libro es reultado de la historia ideológica de Brasil, siempre expresada como desarrollada y en creciente evolución económica, política, social, y que en realidad nunca consiguió dar un soporte de bienestar para su pueblo. Aunque escrito en el auge del llamado "milagro brasileño" y en el auge de la dictadura militar, el autor conseguía ya en esos momentos entender como el pueblo brasileño era engañado en las estadísticas sobre el producto nacional de crecimiento entre otras otras manipuladas por los gobiernos en los últimos 15 años. Siendo así, el libro plantea cuestiones como la formación colonial, la modernización y la crisis de la economía agroexportadora; la crisis de la industrialización, la dictadura mulitar como respuesta conservadora, la crisis del "milagro brasileño", la apertura política, la transición democrática; la crisis de la Nueva República, de Tancredo a Fernando Henrique. Es una obra decisiva para que el lector entienda mejor a Brasil.
En aquest llibre s'ha defugit la temptació de convertir la història contemporània d'Amèrica en un mosaic inconnex de petites històries nacionals de cada país, i s'han abordat, per contra, i de forma innovadora, els grans problemes històrics continentals des de finals del segle XVIII fins a l'actualitat més estricta.
"Caspicara was the most renowned sculptor of the eighteenth-century Andean world. Yet many works that are attributed to this Indigenous artist cannot be firmly documented as he is nearly absent in traditional archival records. Susan Webster seeks to analyze not only the visual imagery and material culture of his many works, but she also seeks to lay the foundation for understanding how scholars can revive the life and records of artists and other historical figures--many of whom were Indigenous in this period--with different methodologies. By cultivating artistic theory, popular religious devotion, and specific styles of sculpture, Webster's examination of the labor and workshop practices of this period contextualize the extensive commercial networks that existed within Quito and emanated beyond it. Webster explores the reason why authors constructed an almost completely fictional life story and canon for this artist that continued for two centuries, how this story fueled the agendas and goals of these authors in melding the colonial past with a newly independent country that could measure itself against western European culture, and as a potent story for tourists. She then considers the ways in which Caspicara's work was at the center of debates of sculpture versus painting in Quito. These debates and their development in the city also add context to notions of authorship, and how it was documented (or not). By exploring the professional world where he worked, Webster's analysis of Indigenous sculptors and their family networks of labor and apprenticeship in the arts allow us to understand the changing workforce and materials for sculptures. This analysis also reveals what day-to-day life may have been for Caspicara, and how this routine informed the artistic choices available to him. Archival materials indirectly offer glimpses into how patrons regarded Caspicara and his work, and how the work of others later embellished or altered his original vision. Throughout the chapters, visuality, materials, and reception challenge the typical obsession of art historians, museum curators, and auction houses in their hunger to attribute authorship in ways that increase the value, both for prestige and monetary reasons, and in ways that end up obscuring authorship and intent"--
Edible insects have always been a part of human diets, but in some societies there remains a degree of disdain and disgust for their consumption. Although the majority of consumed insects are gathered in forest habitats, mass-rearing systems are being developed in many countries. Insects offer a significant opportunity to merge traditional knowledge and modern science to improve human food security worldwide. This publication describes the contribution of insects to food security and examines future prospects for raising insects at a commercial scale to improve food and feed production, diversify diets, and support livelihoods in both developing and developed countries. It shows the many traditional and potential new uses of insects for direct human consumption and the opportunities for and constraints to farming them for food and feed. It examines the body of research on issues such as insect nutrition and food safety, the use of insects as animal feed, and the processing and preservation of insects and their products. It highlights the need to develop a regulatory framework to govern the use of insects for food security. And it presents case studies and examples from around the world. Edible insects are a promising alternative to the conventional production of meat, either for direct human consumption or for indirect use as feedstock. To fully realise this potential, much work needs to be done by a wide range of stakeholders. This publication will boost awareness of the many valuable roles that insects play in sustaining nature and human life, and it will stimulate debate on the expansion of the use of insects as food and feed.
Covering the last two hundred years, and including Spanish America, Brazil, and the Caribbean, this book examines how African-descended people made their way out of slavery and into freedom, and how, once free, they helped build social and political democracy in the region.
http://dx.doi.org/10.12946/gplh3 http://www.epubli.de/shop/buch/48746 "Spanish colonial law, derecho indiano, has since the early 20th century been a vigorous subdiscipline of legal history. One of great figures in the field, the Argentinian legal historian Víctor Tau Anzoátegui, published in 1997 his Nuevos horizontes en el estudio histórico del derecho indiano. The book, in which Tau addressed seminal methodological questions setting tone for the discipline’s future orientation, proved to be the starting point for an important renewal of the discipline. Tau drew on the writings of legal historians, such as Paolo Grossi, Antonio Manuel Hespanha, and Bartolomé Clavero. Tau emphasized the development of legal history in connection to what he called “the posture superseding rational and statutory state law.” The following features of normativity were now in need of increasing scholarly attention: the autonomy of different levels of social organization, the different modes of normative creativity, the many different notions of law and justice, the position of the jurist as an artifact of law, and the casuistic character of the legal decisions. Moreover, Tau highlighted certain areas of Spanish colonial law that he thought deserved more attention than they had hitherto received. One of these was the history of the learned jurist: the letrado was to be seen in his social, political, economic, and bureaucratic context. The Argentinian legal historian called for more scholarly works on book history, and he thought that provincial and local histories of Spanish colonial law had been studied too little. Within the field of historical science as a whole, these ideas may not have been revolutionary, but they contributed in an important way to bringing the study of Spanish colonial law up-to-date. It is beyond doubt that Tau’s programmatic visions have been largely fulfilled in the past two decades. Equally manifest is, however, that new challenges to legal history and Spanish colonial law have emerged. The challenges of globalization are felt both in the historical and legal sciences, and not the least in the field of legal history. They have also brought major topics (back) on to the scene, such as the importance of religious normativity within the normative setting of societies. These challenges have made scholars aware of the necessity to reconstruct the circulation of ideas, juridical practices, and researchers are becoming more attentive to the intense cultural translation involved in the movement of legal ideas and institutions from one context to another. Not least, the growing consciousness and strong claims to reconsider colonial history from the premises of postcolonial scholarship expose the discipline to an unseen necessity of reconsidering its very foundational concepts. What concept of law do we need for our historical studies when considering multi-normative settings? How do we define the spatial dimension of our work? How do we analyze the entanglements in legal history? Until recently, Spanish colonial law attracted little interest from non-Hispanic scholars, and its results were not seen within a larger global context. In this respect, Spanish colonial law was hardly different from research done on legal history of the European continent or common law. Spanish colonial law has, however, recently become a topic of interest beyond the Hispanic world. The field is now increasingly seen in the context of “global legal history,” while the old and the new research results are often put into a comparative context of both European law of the early Modern Period and other colonial legal orders. In this volume, scholars from different parts of the Western world approach Spanish colonial law from the new perspectives of contemporary legal historical research."
The second installment in a planned three-volume series, this book provides the first substantive review of South American rodents published in over fifty years. Increases in the reach of field research and the variety of field survey methods, the introduction of bioinformatics, and the explosion of molecular-based genetic methodologies have all contributed to the revision of many phylogenetic relationships and to a doubling of the recognized diversity of South American rodents. The largest and most diverse mammalian order on Earth—and an increasingly threatened one—Rodentia is also of great ecological importance, and Rodents is both a timely and exhaustive reference on these ubiquitous creatures. From spiny mice and guinea pigs to the oversized capybara, this book covers all native rodents of South America, the continental islands of Trinidad and Tobago, and the Caribbean Netherlands off the Venezuelan coast. It includes identification keys and descriptions of all genera and species; comments on distribution; maps of localities; discussions of subspecies; and summaries of natural, taxonomic, and nomenclatural history. Rodents also contains a detailed list of cited literature and a separate gazetteer based on confirmed identifications from museum vouchers and the published literature.
