The United States is among the wealthiest nations in the world, but it is far from the healthiest. Although life expectancy and survival rates in the United States have improved dramatically over the past century, Americans live shorter lives and experience more injuries and illnesses than people in other high-income countries. The U.S. health disadvantage cannot be attributed solely to the adverse health status of racial or ethnic minorities or poor people: even highly advantaged Americans are in worse health than their counterparts in other, "peer" countries. In light of the new and growing evidence about the U.S. health disadvantage, the National Institutes of Health asked the National Research Council (NRC) and the Institute of Medicine (IOM) to convene a panel of experts to study the issue. The Panel on Understanding Cross-National Health Differences Among High-Income Countries examined whether the U.S. health disadvantage exists across the life span, considered potential explanations, and assessed the larger implications of the findings. U.S. Health in International Perspective presents detailed evidence on the issue, explores the possible explanations for the shorter and less healthy lives of Americans than those of people in comparable countries, and recommends actions by both government and nongovernment agencies and organizations to address the U.S. health disadvantage.
Why social and physical environmental factors have close relationship to influence economic growth I shall indicate reasons to explain why social and physical environmental factors have close relationship to influence economic growth, even human health of quality of life. The social and economic burdens of poor education, lack of affordable housing and less than self sufficient income affect, not just those individuals and families who have the fewest resources. The social gradient means that not only do whose in the bottom worse health outcomes to bottom of income group and the top income group whose will have poor quality of life influence. The higher rates of disease and disability and lesser productivity among many communities means a higher public and private burden of life years, particularly life expectancy once one reaches age 65. In recent decades, research and has increasingly shown how powerfully social and economic conditions determine population health and differences in health among subgroups, much more so than medical care. It seems that environmental factor can influence human's quality of life. Los Angeles Country Department Of public Health (2016) indicated a country health rankings model, this department explained these three health factors can cause this health outcomes. These health factors include health behaviors (30%), it includes tobacco use, diet and exercise, alcohol use, unsafe sex; clinical care (20%), it includes access to care, quality of care; social and economic factors (40%), it includes education, employment, income, family and social support, community safety; physical environmental factor (10%) , includes natural environmental quality, built environmental quality. Then these factors can cause this health outcomes, such as morality ( length of life):50% and morbidity (quality of life) :50%. SO, it implies that physical environmental factor can influence human's length of life. So, on our social environmental problems result is from a complex interplay of a number of forces. An individual's health -related behaviors , particularly diet, exercise and smoking, surrounding physical environment and health care ( both access and quality) all contribute significantly to how long and how well human love. However , none of these factors is as important to population health as are the social and economic environments in which human live, learn, work and play. We refer to these factors can be as the social determinants of health to influence our quality of life. How do social determinants affect our quality of life? In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, public health concentrated particularly on the physical environment. Improvements in, for example, clean water supplies, healthier housing, sanitation, workplace safety and safe food lead to sharp increases in average life expectancy . Also our quality of life needed to be concentrated on expanded access to medical care, resulting in further expansion. So, the poverty tap is now characterized by those elements, such as low levels of : (i) environmental quality, (ii) life expectancy and (iii) human capital.
In the United States, some populations suffer from far greater disparities in health than others. Those disparities are caused not only by fundamental differences in health status across segments of the population, but also because of inequities in factors that impact health status, so-called determinants of health. Only part of an individual's health status depends on his or her behavior and choice; community-wide problems like poverty, unemployment, poor education, inadequate housing, poor public transportation, interpersonal violence, and decaying neighborhoods also contribute to health inequities, as well as the historic and ongoing interplay of structures, policies, and norms that shape lives. When these factors are not optimal in a community, it does not mean they are intractable: such inequities can be mitigated by social policies that can shape health in powerful ways. Communities in Action: Pathways to Health Equity seeks to delineate the causes of and the solutions to health inequities in the United States. This report focuses on what communities can do to promote health equity, what actions are needed by the many and varied stakeholders that are part of communities or support them, as well as the root causes and structural barriers that need to be overcome.
How do communities protect and improve the health of their populations? Health care is part of the answer but so are environmental protections, social and educational services, adequate nutrition, and a host of other activities. With concern over funding constraints, making sure such activities are efficient and effective is becoming a high priority. Improving Health in the Community explains how population-based performance monitoring programs can help communities point their efforts in the right direction. Within a broad definition of community health, the committee addresses factors surrounding the implementation of performance monitoring and explores the "why" and "how to" of establishing mechanisms to monitor the performance of those who can influence community health. The book offers a policy framework, applies a multidimensional model of the determinants of health, and provides sets of prototype performance indicators for specific health issues. Improving Health in the Community presents an attainable vision of a process that can achieve community-wide health benefits.
Introduction Why may human behavior influence economic growth or bring recession? Human unethical behavior may bring what negative economic influence? How human unethical behavior influence GDP growth? How economic environment change may influence consumer behavior? I shall attempt to indicate cases to explain why they have close relationship between human behavior and economy. Readers can make clear analysis to judge whether they have cause and effect relationship between human behavior and economic growth or recession.
Why social and physical environmental factors have close relationship to influence economic growthI shall indicate reasons to explain why social and physical environmental factors have close relationship to influence economic growth, even human health of quality of life. The social and economic burdens of poor education, lack of affordable housing and less than self sufficient income affect, not just those individuals and families who have the fewest resources. The social gradient means that not only do whose in the bottom worse health outcomes to bottom of income group and the top income group whose will have poor quality of life influence. The higher rates of disease and disability and lesser productivity among many communities means a higher public and private burden of life years, particularly life expectancy once one reaches age 65. In recent decades, research and has increasingly shown how powerfully social and economic conditions determine population health and differences in health among subgroups, much more so than medical care. It seems that environmental factor can influence human's quality of life.Los Angeles Country Department Of public Health (2016) indicated a country health rankings model, this department explained these three health factors can cause this health outcomes. These health factors include health behaviors (30%), it includes tobacco use, diet and exercise, alcohol use, unsafe sex; clinical care (20%), it includes access to care, quality of care; social and economic factors (40%), it includes education, employment, income, family and social support, community safety; physical environmental factor (10%), includes natural environmental quality, built environmental quality. Then these factors can cause this health outcomes, such as morality ( length of life):50% and morbidity (quality of life):50%. SO, it implies that physical environmental factor can influence human's length of life. So, on our social environmental problems result is from a complex interplay of a number of forces. An individual's health -related behaviors, particularly diet, exercise and smoking, surrounding physical environment and health care ( both access and quality) all contribute significantly to how long and how well human love. However, none of these factors is as important to population health as are the social and economic environments in which human live, learn, work and play. We refer to these factors can be as the social determinants of health to influence our quality of life. How do social determinants affect our quality of life? In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, public health concentrated particularly on the physical environment. Improvements in, for example, clean water supplies, healthier housing, sanitation, workplace safety and safe food lead to sharp increases in average life expectancy . Also our quality of life needed to be concentrated on expanded access to medical care, resulting in further expansion. So, the poverty tap is now characterized by those elements, such as low levels of: (i) environmental quality, (ii) life expectancy and (iii) human capital.In fact, environmental degradation can have a significant impact on human health. De Hollander et. al (1999) & Melse & De Hollander (2001) showed that estimates of the share of environment, related human health loss are as high 5% for high income countries, 8% for middle income countries and 13% for low income countries. Air pollution and exposure to hazardous chemicals are important causes of the related burden of disease in countries. The transport and energy sectors are major contributors to air pollution, when important sources of chemical pollution are agriculture industry and waste disposal.
⦁The influence of socio - economic factors on crime Therefore, one should ask a question whether in fact the economic situation shapes the level of crime rate . While being under constant modifications and transformations, society will never stay unchanged. Changes in the number, gender, age structure, migration (demographic changes) also have their mutual influence related to the economy, system of power, education, health protection, religion, and crime. Poor economic situation may translate into crime by an increase in unemployment. It should be noted that unemployment, naturally connected with the economy may have a different dimension. We distinguish between the structural, cyclical, long-term, and frictional unemployment. Because of the social and demographic factors, such as gender, age or education level of people affected by the unemployment, there may be various relationships and impact on criminal activity.An analysis of police statistics shows that the highest intensity of crime occurs among unemployed people who are under thirty years of age . If an individual is affected by long-term unemployment, he or she starts to be affected by the consequences of such a situation, namely a sense of exclusion, injustice, and finally the lack of hope of finding a legitimate source of income . The analysis shows that unemployment brings on crime against property rather than violence . However, it should be noted that the increase in unemployment in various ways may affect particular social groups by increasing or decreasing their criminal activity. At this point one should outline four specific relationships between unemployment and crime as below: - Some offenders combine their legal professional work with criminal activity. Legal business is treated as a camouflage for illegal operation. In this case, the development of unemployment may reduce the "gray zone" business, as the legal work, in this case, gives a sense of security for conducting criminal activity.- There is a number of crimes, possible to be committed only during conducting activities while being legally employed, for example: "handing over bribes to officials", "employee theft". In those situations the growth of unemployment will inhibit the number of crimes of the above mentioned type, rather than increase them.
How living economic environment influences our daily livingIn the future, when our economic environment causes to change suddenly variable significantly, it can also influence our living environment changes, then it will also influences our living behaviors change in order to choose to earn the most large benefits in effect. I shall our daily some living cases to explain why it has relationship between our living environment and our living economy and our living behaviors.The first living changing case, I shall indicate how living economic environment influences students' learning behaviors and social employable behaviors change both.When one country's students have much pressure to learn and there are many students need to enter schools to learn, but the country has less schools to supply to them to learn. Then, this living economic environment changing factor, e.g. there are many parents need to go to work, but they have no enough money to support their adult age students, e.g. 20 years university students to let them have enough money to continue to enrol universities to learn. IN this less universites supplying number and many poor families living economic environment both factors, it will cause many students feel pressure to enrol any one univeristy, if every year, there has about 100,000 number secondary school students at least, they prepare to pass examination to enrol any one university to study in the country. But, every university has only100 to 200 secondary students who have enrol to any one univeristy successfully. However, the country has only two universities are existence. So, it has possible that there are 98,600 to 98,800 secondary students, they can not enrol to any one university to study in the country every year. These secondary only choose to find jobs to do.But, their educational level is low, they will feel find jobs to do in difficulty. If the country's jobs supplying number is less. For example, in the year, there are only 80,000 secondary level jobs to be supplied to these secondary level students to do. Hence, in the year, this country will have 18,600 to 18,800 secondary students who can notfind any jobs to work, even they will lose jobs ( unemployment) in the whole year in possible.So in living economic view, this low jobs supplying environment and the low university number graduation and many secondary schools students unemployment factor will only cause this society's economic environment to be more poor, because when it have many secondary students who can not find any jobs to do easily, then they do easy to do stealing, fighting etc. crime behaviors to influence the society's living safety to it living people every day. It is due to this country lacks enough universities to provide to these secondary students to learn as well as they must feel more pressure to examinatoin, due to the univeristy enrolling demand must be raised, e.g. five A grades at minmum. They need to earn in order to enrol to any one univeristy to learn. Even, although some secondary students, they can enrol to any one university to study, but many their parents are poor families and they can not continue to them to enrol any one private university to study, I suppose this country has none any government universities existence. So, these private universities are only for the rich families whose children can enrol to learn successfully. I will let many poor students who feel unfair because they have the best examination result to enrol to any one of these two univeristy to study, but because their parents have no enough money to support them to enrol to either one of these two universities to study. So, they will also need to attempt to find low education level jobs to do in society.
This book provides research on the influences, disparities and current issues of socioeconomic status (SES). Chapter One discusses socio-economic status, inequality and academic achievement. Chapter Two reviews literature on socioeconomic variables that predict a child's executive functioning and possible contextual and cognitive variables mediating this association. Chapter Three examines socioeconomic and racial disparities in child health and health outcomes. Chapter Four analyses attitudes toward poverty and the government safety net programs in relationship to income and party affiliation, and investigates theories to better understand the polarised attitudes toward socioeconomic status, inequality and poverty in America. Chapter Five provides a review of three different studies which underpin the proposal of the benefits and pitfalls of high SES. Chapter Six reports the findings of two questionnaire surveys focusing on the effects of socioeconomic status and trait self-control on seeking relationships.
