Cultivating Nationhood in Imperial Russia
Cultivating Nationhood in Imperial Russia

Author: Lisa Khachaturian

Publisher: Routledge

Published: 2018-02-06

Total Pages: 351

ISBN-13: 1351524674

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Nineteenth-century Armenia was a zone of competition between the Persian, Ottoman, and the Russian Empires. Yet over the course of the century a new generation of Armenian journalists, scholars, and writers worked to transform their geographically, socially, and linguistically fragmented communities threatened by regional isolation and dissent, into a patriotic and nationally conscious population. Lisa Khachaturian seeks to explain how this profoundly divided society managed to achieve a common cultural bond.The national project that captivated nineteenth-century Eastern Armenian intellectuals was a daunting task, especially since their efforts were directed in the Caucasus--a territory known for its volatile history, its ethnic heterogeneity, and its linguistic complexity. Although this cultural and social maelstrom was both aggravated and tempered by the new Russian arena of economic growth, urban development, and heightened technology and communication, diversity was hardly a recent phenomenon in the region; it had been an endemic part of Caucasian history for centuries. Armenians were no exception to this. While the Georgians, bound to their landed nobility, generally lived within kingdoms, the Armenians experienced centuries of forced resettlement, migration, and centuries of habitation among other peoples. Some Armenians had settled in faraway countries, but many remained in scattered colonies within the boundaries of historic Armenia.This is a study of the formation of modern Armenian national consciousness under Imperial Russian rule. The Tsarist acquisition of Armenian-populated territory and consequent efforts to integrate this territory into the empire imposed sufficient unity to provide a basis for a nascent national movement. The particular influences of Russian imperial rule met the Eastern Armenian communities to create a new environment for a modern national revival. This book reviews how nineteenth-century Armenian intellectuals discussed and conceived of the nation through the formation of the Armenian press. This is a rare blend of national culture and communication networking.

The Political Economy of Human Rights in Armenia
The Political Economy of Human Rights in Armenia

Author: Simon Payaslian

Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing

Published: 2011-06-30

Total Pages: 440

ISBN-13: 0857720058

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Since its independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, Armenia has experienced a reversal from democratization to a Soviet-style authoritarian regime and has been accused of repressive approaches to human rights. Here, Simon Payaslian juxtaposes a masterful survey of the history of the Armenian people from the nineteenth century through the first republic (1918-21) and Sovietization to the present, with the evolution of international human rights standards, and argues that a statist and authoritarian political culture has impeded political liberalization and institutionalization of human rights principles. Highlighting the clash between sovereignty on one side and human rights and democracy on the other, this comprehensive and in-depth analysis is essential for all those interested in human rights, democratization, political repression and the former Soviet republics.

A Concise History of the Armenian People
A Concise History of the Armenian People

Author: George A. Bournoutian

Publisher:

Published: 2002

Total Pages: 526

ISBN-13:

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The first part of the study discusses the origins of the Armenians, the Urartian Kingdom, Armenia and the Achaemenid, Seleucid, Parthian, Roman, Sasanid and Byzantine periods. It also examines Christinaity in Armenia and the development of an alphabet and literature. The work then continues with the history of Armenia during the Arab, Turkish and Mongol periods. A separate chapter deals with the history of Cilician Armenia and the Crusades. The second part concentrates on the Armenian communities in the Ottoman, Persian, Indian, and Russian empires (1500-1918). It also details the Armenian diaspora in Eastern and Western Europe, Africa, the Arab World, the Far East, and the Americas. The study concludes with lengthy chapters on the history of the three Armenian republics (1918-1920); (1921-1991Soviet Armenia); and the current Armenian republic (1991-2001)

The 1823 Russian Survey of the Karabagh Province
The 1823 Russian Survey of the Karabagh Province

Author: Pavel Ivanovich Mogilevskīĭ

Publisher:

Published: 2011

Total Pages: 0

ISBN-13: 9781568591735

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The survey, titled The Description of the Karabagh Province, compiled in 1823, was eventually published in 1866 by the printing house of the Viceroy of the Caucasus in Tiflis. The number of copies printed must have been very few, for it, as well as the previous surveys conducted in the Sheki (Shakki) Province by Mogilevskii and General F. Akhverdov in 1819, and in the Shirvan Province, by Mogilevskii and General V. Madatov in 1820, both of which were also printed in 1866 in Tiflis, soon became rarities. To our knowledge, with the exception of I. P. Petrushevskii, no serious scholar of 19th-century Transcaucasia or Iran has mined the valuable information contained in these surveys. As a historian of the various khanates of Transcaucasia and Iran, Prof. George Bournoutian had been very interested in examining this survey for many years.

The Heritage of Armenian Literature
The Heritage of Armenian Literature

Author: Agop Jack Hacikyan

Publisher: Wayne State University Press

Published: 2000

Total Pages: 1116

ISBN-13: 9780814332214

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Preserving Armenia's rich literary tradition from a multitude of viewpoints has been the aim of this three-volume work. This third volume joins the previous two in making excerpts of Armenian masterpieces accessible in beautifully rendered English translations, while enabling readers to enjoy the immediacy of these works through lively discussions of the authors and their times. Here the focus is on the eighteenth through twentieth centuries. The volume begins with a comprehensive overview of the entire historical, social, and literary panorama of the periods covered: the Armenian Renaissance, the development of modern Armenian (with its Western and Eastern versions), the emergence of a national identity and democratic thinking (with their impact on literature and theater), and such literary schools as Romanticism, Realism, and Aestheticism. Biographies of more than 130 prominent authors appear in these pages, together with critical comments concerning their works and extensive excerpts from the works themselves. The texts are edited, annotated with footnotes, and presented in a format that permits easy comprehension. Literature unveils a rich pageant of works in historical perspective. The varied experiences from the Armenian past come alive, allowing for new understandings and comparisons to literatures of other nations.

The Karabakh Conflict Between Armenia and Azerbaijan
The Karabakh Conflict Between Armenia and Azerbaijan

Author: M. Hakan Yavuz

Publisher: Springer Nature

Published: 2022-11-29

Total Pages: 228

ISBN-13: 3031162625

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This book focuses on Post-Soviet ethnic conflicts and Russia's involvement in them. In light of its significant importance for general ethnic conflict, specifically the post-Soviet Caucasus, along with the most recent war just fought over the area from September-November 2020, this book appropriately argues that it is time to reconsider Karabakh. This project deals with the historical, social and political aspects of the Karabakh issue regarding its origins, development and the current status of the conflict subsequent to the war in the autumn of 2020. Thus, the main themes will stress these points, as well as the importance of the Karabakh issue for the future, by considering its precedents and implications for other secessionist wars. This book also explores how such wars begin and end, the international legal precedents of self-determination versus territorial integrity, its implications for post-Soviet developments and conflicts, and the latest successful weapons developments lessons from the recent war involving drones, among others such as Azerbaijan’s rich oil reserves.

Armenia and Imperial Decline
Armenia and Imperial Decline

Author: George Bournoutian

Publisher: Routledge

Published: 2018-05-15

Total Pages: 790

ISBN-13: 1351062603

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This book seeks, for the first time, to examine the demography and the social and economic conditions in the Yerevan Province during the first decade of the twentieth century, before the great changes that occurred during World War I and the seven decades of Soviet rule. Unlike in Tiflis and Baku, the Armenian inhabitants of the Yerevan Province were overwhelmingly peasants. They did not play a major role in the political, intellectual or economic life of the South Caucasus. The aim of the book is to prove conclusively that the Armenians of the Yerevan Province not only benefited from living under the umbrella of imperial security, but, as junior and senior officials, they also acquired important administrative and professional skills. The social and economic changes of the last decade of Russian rule enabled the local Armenians to advance and, following the collapse of the Russian Empire, to occupy posts previously held by Russians. Thus, despite the absence of their most talented individuals and the lack of experienced political leaders, as well as the loss of half their territory to Turkish attacks in 1918, the local Armenian administration, in the face of terrible conditions and great odds, provided the foundation which allowed the Armenian Republic to maintain its independence until December of 1920. In fact, some of the survivors would assist in the modernization and nation building of Soviet Armenia. Providing a detailed overview of the history of the Yerevan Province in the late imperial age, this book will be a valuable resource for students and scholars interested in the History of Armenia, the Russian Empire and the Caucasus.

History of the Caucasus
History of the Caucasus

Author: Christoph Baumer

Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing

Published: 2023-10-05

Total Pages: 386

ISBN-13: 0755636309

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In the Shadow of Great Powers is the second volume of Christoph Baumer's History of the Caucasus. It covers the period from the Seljuk domination of the Southern Caucasus around 1050 CE to the present day. After the Kingdom of Georgia's golden age of independent power and cultural blossoming in the 12th and early 13th centuries, the Caucasus was overrun by the Mongols and soon disintegrated into innumerable smaller kingdoms, principalities and khanates. At the same time, an Armenian kingdom in exile maintained a precarious independence in Cilicia, today's southern Turkey, by applying a three-way diplomatic policy balanced between the Mongol Il-Khanate, the Crusader states and, to a lesser degree, the Mameluke Empire. Then followed four centuries during which the highly fragmented polities of the North and South Caucasus became political pawns of the regional great powers, above all the Ottomans, Iran and Russia. In the wake of World War I the South Caucasus enjoyed a short-lived independence whereas its northern neighbours were engulfed by the Russian civil wars. But by 1921 the Soviet Union had re-established Russian dominance over the whole region and, from a Western perspective, the region 'disappeared' behind the Iron Curtain. Nevertheless, the Caucasian nations kept their pronounced identities even under Soviet rule, giving rise at the dissolution of the Soviet Union to a number of internecine conflicts. Whereas the Russian Federation managed to maintain its supremacy over the North Caucasus – albeit at the cost of bloody wars and insurrections – Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia succeeded in more or less gaining control over their destiny. Of these three republics, only Azerbaijan secured a wide-ranging independence thanks to its fossil fuel resources. Following Russian interference, Georgia lost control over two of its provinces while Armenia remains dependent on Russian support in the face of its notoriously antagonistic relations with neighbouring Azerbaijan and Turkey over the unresolved issue of Karabakh. In the Shadow of Great Powers includes some 200 full-colour images and maps which further bring the turbulent history of this region to light.